Probiotics have been defined by Collins and Gibson (1999) as "a live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal balance". There is a relatively large volume of literature that supports the use of probiotics to prevent or treat intestinal disorders. Currently, the best studied probiotics are the lactic acid bacteria, particularly Lactobacillus sp and Bifidobacterium sp. The mucosal surface of the intestinal tract represents the largest interface between the body and its environment. An effective local immune is necessary to protect the organism against the invasion of noxious antigens and microbes. No other organ of the body harbors more immune cells than the gut -associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), and a tremendous amount of antibodies is secreted into the intestinal lumen to neutralize and exclude harmful antigens. The numerous studies have reported immune stimulating abilities for different bacterial species. For example, in vitro cytokine production of macrophages was stimulated by Bifidobacteria (Marin et al., 1997). Bifidobacterium longum as well as several other lactic acid bacteria have been found to increase the total amount of intestinal IgA. Lactobacillus casei was reported to have immune adjuvant activity (Perdigon et al., 1989) and Lactobacillus plantarum was shown to increase antibody production against Escherichia coli.
Introduction: Nurses spend more time with patients than any other member of the healthcare team. They play a critical, active and very important part in controlling cancer patients' pain and alleviating suffering. This study aimed to explore current nursing practices in the oncology hospital and the level of knowledge they possess about pain and its management in clinical settings. Methods: This is a transversal type study developed on the basis of cluster sampling type on nurses in the Oncology Hospital, Tirana. The study was conducted in the period 2016-2018 and the sample consisted of 119 nurses. Results: In total, 119 questionnaires were completed by oncology hospital nurses. Regarding the gender of was seen a predominance of women nurses compared to men 78.15% and 21.85% respectively. Nurses between the age 30 until to 39 years old were 34.4% of participants. Nurses of different gender, education level, and place of birth showed statistically significant difference. Only 23.5 % of nurses had pain training and education, and less than half of nurses (43.7%) had 5-10 years in oncology hospital. In this study, knowledge and practice of nurse’s participant on non-and pharmacological pain management were more than 55%. Related to the pain assessment 36.1% were based on the information provided by the patients, while 31.1% of nurses had used the visual analogue scale for pain assessment. According to the ways of pain management, almost 76.5% of nurses think that the best ways of pain management were pharmacology and 71.4% selected opioid analgesic medication while 28.6% selected non-opioid analgesic medication. Contacting the physician for the prescription of opioids was cited as the main delaying process by 43.7% of participants. Conclusions: The results of the study demonstrated that the nurses had limited knowledge of pain management, because of non-training courses for consequence all of it was associated with poor attitude toward pain management. Most of them did not have formal training in pain management either at the local level. Many of them are familiar with oral route of administration of opioids but still the logistics of administration is not clear to them. Nowadays training and education in pain management is a necessity for medical staff especially for nurses because the adequate knowledge is vital in the provision of quality pain management to patients.
The purpose of this study is to see the impact of stress on the quality of student learning in clinical practices. 300 students of bachelor's degree in our Nursing School have been taken, of which 150 students are in the second year and 150 in the third year of study. The students have completed an anonymous questionnaire on how to experience stress during the practice of teaching in various hospital clinics. 62% of students have confirmed that they experienced stress during the practice. 48% of students experiencing stress are second year students and 14% of stressful students are third year students. Students have experienced a higher level of stress in practice at the surgical clinics, in emergency rooms and in the intensive care unit. Taking into account the role of internships in student formation, we need to add to the curricula the hours of hospital practices. Better coordination with preceptors in hospitals, and increased theoretical knowledge to students, would impact the minimization of stress during the practice.
Purpose. To analyze whether such methods as giving oral glucose, sucking nipple and skin-skin contact with the mother's baby, and have a positive impact on the baby 's perception and sensitivity to painful procedures. Methods. It took a total of 160 neonate study, which you have undergone painful procedures such as taking blood for analysis, finding a vein,etc.. Children in the study were divided take 4 groups: 1) The first group (10 children) that were previously placed about 15-20 min in skin -skin contact with the mother. 2) The second group (45 children) who during the drilling procedure, you absorb stimulated a bottle. 3) The third group (45children) whose puncture during the procedure given oral glucose. 4) The fourth group (60 children), which have not been applied any of the above procedures during puncture. Children involved in the first three groups constituted the study group, and the fourth that of control. Behavior and response to pain was assessed on a scale DAN (Douleur Aigue Nouveau). Depending on the responses of newborns scores were determined for each group. Vital parameters were recorded (cardiac frequency, respiratory rate, SpO2) of children included in the study. Calculated scoring averages for each group and bringing vital parameters. We compared the response to pain, bringing vital parameters between control group and his own study and between study groups. He compiled 95 % confidence intervals for the differences between the control group and the study, as well as for differences within the study group. Results. Control group and one study did not differ from each other in age pregnancy, birth weight and time of drilling. We found statistically significant differences for the duration of crying (115.7 sec.) more in the control group and 95 % CI 47.5 to 183.9 sec.), the intensity of pain (1.1 points more in control and 95 % CI 0.2 to 1.9) and SpO2 (2.6 % lower in the control group and 95% CI -5 to -0.22). While for grin, cardiac and respiratory frequency differences resulted not statistically significant. Conclusions. Stimulation methods (removal of attention to pain) have significant impact in reducing pain perception and response to invasive procedures while their life values have not changed very significantly.
AIM: Health problems of the elderly in addition to purely medical constitute a complex and quite acute social, economic, psychological, and spiritual problem, which are growing unstoppably everywhere in the world. The main purpose of this study is to assess the general health of the elderly, to identify the most common pathologies, and to describe the role and responsibilities of the nurse in the elderly with cardiovascular, neurological, and orthopedic diseases, in all patients in geriatric clinics. METHODS: The method used during this study was conducted through a questionnaire of the elderly in geriatric centers. The paper includes data on patients during the period April–June, 2020. RESULTS: Data were observed on 300 elderly persons of whom 100 persons or 33% were female and 200 persons or 67% were male. The mean age of patients was 90 ± 65 years. These elderly people were given information about living conditions, social problems, diseases they had, etc. The most common pathologies of these elderly people studied were cardiovascular problems 25%, orthopedic problems 31%, and neurological problems 43%. We see that women are more predisposed to cardiovascular problems in 66% of cases compared to men in 34% of cases; most predisposed to orthopedic problems are again women in 55% of cases compared to men in 45% of cases and more predisposed to neurological problems are men in 60% of cases and women in 40% of cases, it is significant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: From the above data, it is noticed that almost all the elderly have a concomitant disease. The role of the nurse should be to focus on the daily monitoring of the patient’s condition, to identify in time the possible risks, and to explain to the patient how to take the therapy, how long to take this therapy, what may be the side effects and how medications should be combined.
Purpose: The purpose of the study is to assess the knowledge of female patients who presented to the primary care service about breast cancer, knowledge about the disease including its etiology, pathology, diagnosis and early prevention. The role of nursing staff as informants, facilitators and facilitators for early diagnosis in breast cancer prevention. Method: The study was conducted in the Tirana primary service, during the period September 2018 -February 2019. The data collection tool was a self-administered questionnaire completed by 250 women who presented to the polyclinics of Tirana. The questionnaire is divided into three sections. Section A: included the socio-demographic characteristics of the participating women. Section B: assessed the family history, what knowledge and information these women had about breast cancer and who they think are the risk factors for breast cancer. Section C: researched the knowledge of these women about breast cancer prevention, self-examination, mammography and periodic checkups also collected data on the role of polyclinic nurses and the assistance they provided for early breast cancer screening. Conclusions: For the early diagnosis of breast cancer, the nursing staff in primary health care plays an important role in informing and providing appropriate data to the female population about self-examination and other procedures to detect and prevent breast cancer in a timely manner. Also informing the population through health promotion, brochures and media information regarding the early detection of cancer so that its treatment can become more successful.
Purpose. This is a prospective study with the purpose of presenting strategies to reduce the risk of Nosocomial infections in pediatric intensive care at Universitary Hospital Center "Mother Teresa", Tirana, during the period October 2019 -March 2020. Method. The study included 280 patients (0-14 years old) hospitalized in Pediatric Intensive Care, and were monitored every day from the moment of admission to the exit. Results. During the period October 2019 -March 2020, 10 (3%) patients out of 280 (97%) children admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care, resulted with nosocomial respiratory tract infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 40% of cases is the most common cause of nosocomial infections in Intensive Care Pediatrics. The average hospital stay for patients without nosocomial respiratory tract infection was 3.6 days, while those with nosocomial respiratory tract infection was 18.8 days (p < 0.01), regarding to nosocomial urinary tract infections, 13 (4.6%) patients out of 280 (95.4%) patients resulted positive. Escherichia Coli in 38% of cases is the most common cause of nosocomial infections in Intensive Care Pediatrics. Comparison of average of urinary catheters duration in patients with urinary tract infection 3.1 days and them without urinary tract infection 1.5 days (p < 0.01). Conclusıons. Medical and nursing staff play an important role in the dynamic tracking of hospitalized children in intensive pediatric care. Hand washing with bactericidal solutions, use of aseptic techniques during patient manipulation, continuous bacteriological control of the environment, etc., is the strategy for prevention of infections in pediatric intensive care units.
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