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Agronomists have already achieved the goal of high and stable yield by using high-yield-producing rice breeds and the application of chemical fertilisers (Zhang et al. 2013). However, the inappropriate amount and method of fertilisation application made an urgent environmental concern, which needs to be addressed by agronomists (Ke et al. 2017). In the field, farmers insist on a tendency to apply more nutrients than the required amount for maximum crop growth to obtain high yields, especially N fertiliser (Pan et al. 2017). Excessive use of mineral fertilisers greatly increased production costs and caused serious environmental problems such as paddy soil deterioration and exacerbating global warming (Wang et al. 2021). Adjusting the fertilisation scheme to increase fertiliser utilisation efficiency is an important issue in agricultural rice production and a prerequisite for reassuring sustained high yield (Zheng et al. 2017).N and P are important nutrients for rice growth, of which N is an important limiting factor in promoting grain growth and improving productivity (An et al. 2018). Both N and P rates are important factors that affect rice yield formation and production composition (Ma et al. 2022). N plays a vital role in
This study aims to incorporate the effects of recently used alternative monetary policies, such as quantitative easing into standard Taylor rule exchange rate models. Using out-of-sample forecasting, we determine whether including long-term government bond yields and shadow interest rates improves on these model's performance. Using data from the Eurozone, Japan, UK and USA, we perform out of sample forecasts using a rolling window, the results suggest that the model with government bond returns performs best against the random walk, although the results vary across countries, particularly when we compare the forecasts with those produced by a version of UIP.
The Guangdong Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is one of the most open and economically dynamic regions in China. The construction of a new type of smart bay area is an important part of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area strategy, and the construction of a smart bay area needs to be closely integrated with international standards and focus on building a smart digital centre in the Greater Bay Area. This study focuses on the development needs, future development trends and construction strategies of smart cities in four city clusters in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area from four development perspectives: smart water conservancy, smart cultural tourism, smart transportation and smart healthcare, using data related to the development of smart cities in Guangzhou-Foshan-Shenzhen-Dongguan in recent years, the entropy weighting method is used to determine the weights of 40 indicators, and the TOPSIS evaluation model is applied to evaluate the level of smart city construction in each city. The evaluation of the level of smart city construction in each city was carried out by using the TOPSIS evaluation model, and it was concluded that there were large differences among the cities, and there was a need for city-specific policies and reasonable improvements. The evaluation of the level of smart city development in each city was carried out using the TOPSIS evaluation model.
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