This study investigates the strategic managerial practices to overcome the developmental challenges of CBT in the Nglanggeran Ecotourism Village in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It evaluates, in particular, the CBT impacts on community economic well-being, socio-cultural development, and environmental sustainability. A qualitative case study approach based on semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders involved in the planning and development of the village was employed to assess the benefits and challenges of CBT practices and their compatibility with sustainable community development. Results indicate that despite new employment opportunities and an increase in environmental conservation efforts, CBT planning and development in the village led to unequal distribution of economic benefits induced by conflicts within the community, uneven participation opportunities of the local community in tourism, and incompatibility in fulfilling individual's need for sustainable community development.
Administratively, Bumiaji Village is located in Bumiaji District, Batu City, Malang Regency, East Java. Since 2016, the Bumiaji Village Government has prioritized the development of the tourism sector as one of the productive economic priority sectors. It is based on a decline in apple and citrus agricultural output due to a decrease in soil quality and an increase in global temperatures that have an impact on the quality of apple and orange products. With the allocation of more village funds than any other village in Batu City, tourism development in Bumiaji Village is carried out through a variety of development programs, ranging from village, sub-district and district governments. The development programs overlap and are not integrated with each other. In addition, the emergence of several tourism service businesses and the management of individual tourist attractions in the village of Bumiaji have an impact on the uneven distribution of income obtained through tourism development. Using a network of cooperation with the Malang Regency government, the District Government, and the manager of the Pujon Tourism Village, the FIB UGM Tourism Study Program conducted workshops and mentoring in discussions on the formation of an integrative institution management of village tourism. This article describes the efforts that can be taken by the village government in managing, assisting and developing tourism in Bumiaji Village. In detail, this article describes the efforts to systematize village tourism institutions that can be carried out by village governments. Through the institutional systematization in the management of rural tourism, tourism development that will be carried out in the future will be integrated and have a positive and direct impact evenly for the local community.---------------------------------------------------------------Secara administratif, Desa Bumiaji terletak di Kecamatan Bumiaji, Kota Batu Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur. Sejak 2016, Pemerintah Desa Bumiaji memprioritaskan pembangunan sektor pariwisata sebagai salah satu sektor prioritas ekonomi produktif. Hal ini dilandasi oleh adanya penurunan hasil pertanian apel dan jeruk akibat penurunan kualitas tanah serta kenaikan suhu global yang berdampak pada kualitas produk apel dan jeruk. Dengan alokasi dana desa yang lebih banyak daripada desa lain di Kota Batu, pembangunan pariwisata di Desa Bumiaji dilakukan melalui beragam program pembangunan, mulai dari pemerintah tingkat desa, kecamatan, hingga kabupaten. Program program pembangunan tersebut menjadi tumpang tindih dan tidak terintegrasi satu sama lain. Selain itu, munculnya beberapa usaha jasa kepariwisataan dan pengelolaan atraksi wisata secara perorangan di Desa Bumiaji berdampak pada tidak meratanya pembagian hasil yang didapatkan melalui pembangunan pariwisata. Menggunakan jejaring kerja sama dengan pemerintah Kabupaten Malang, Pemerintah Kecamatan, dan pengelola Desa Wisata Pujon, Prodi Pariwisata FIB UGM melakukan kegiatan workshop dan pendampingan dalam diskusi pembentukan kelembagaan yang integratif dalam pengelolaan pariwisata desa. Artikel ini menjelaskan upaya yang dapat ditempuh oleh pemerintah desa dalam melakukan pengelolaan, pendampingan, dan pengembangan kepariwisataan di Desa Bumiaji. Secara rinci, artikel ini menjelaskan upaya-upaya sistematisasi kelembagaan pariwisata desa yang dapat dilakukan oleh pemerintah desa. Harapannya, dengan adanya sistematisasi kelembagaan dalam pengelolaan pariwisata desa, pembangunan pariwisata yang akan dilakukan mendatang menjadi terintegrasi dan berdampak positif secara langsung serta merata bagi masyarakat lokal.
Research on governance of tourism development predominantly focuses on sustainable management of a tourism destination, pinning hopes on the market and individual entrepreneurs. In Indonesia, this mission has been codified in post-reformation era (1998–2014) policies of land-use change promoting tourism and environmental conservation. One of these is the introduction of the UNESCO Geopark charter as a tool to realize the image of a modern state and “modernizing” regional economies. In this, a particular patrimonial governance arrangement appears to govern land use distribution to accrue the potential value of land from different use. This particular clientelist order will be analyzed in this article, namely by examining how finance, state power, and informal interactions between the national and regional structures of governance mesh in arranging land-use conversions for tourism purposes. Based on 4 months of ethnographic fieldwork and 32 interviews with various stakeholders in the Gunungsewu and Ciletuh UNESCO Geoparks, the paper will show how Indonesian post-reformation decentralization policies induced regional clientelism in the production of tourism destinations. This includes hierarchical relations between the local elite, private business owners, and governments representing asymmetric loyalty relations, negotiated subordination, and dominance. The more recent re-centralization attempts from the national government under Joko Widodo’s regime seem only to encourage this clientelism as a form of resistance to the state. This evidences that the Indonesian patrimonial governance and the production of tourism destinations in geoparks run counter to the ideals in governance as promoted for destination development.
This article provides a broad overview of Indonesia’s current post-independence legislation and practice with respect to cultural heritage protection and repatriation. We highlight several challenges that hamper the effective implementation and enforcement of this framework, particularly in relation to repatriation processes of foreign-held cultural objects. We furthermore explore how the State-centric discourse that surrounds Indonesia’s cultural heritage protection and repatriation policies impede locally-led activism related to cultural heritage, particularly in relation to value production and sense of ownership. Overall, we highlight the importance of co-creation in knowledge production processes and crime-prevention methods concerning cultural heritage to maximize effectiveness. Agency, access, and ownership were violently removed through the colonial looting of Indonesian cultural heritage, so the first step towards restorative justice should be reinstating this to the communities of origin, or to the Indonesian government when the rightful origin community cannot be identified. This concerns not only the cultural objects themselves, but also their digital and physical lives, i.e. the knowledge and expertise created based on these objects.
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