Repeat breeders are the animals with more than 3 to 4 inseminations after calving having regular cyclicity yet failed to conceive. Therefore, it is considered as one of the most emerging and frustrated reproductive disorders among dairy herds in Nepal that hinders favorable productivity and causes heavy economic losses to the livelihood of the farmers. We performed a systemic review to be acquainted with hormonal therapy as a treatment of repeat breeding.The aim of the present review is to summarize the current information about the ongoing methods in the treatment of repeat breeders. Based on the review of articles, it was found that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) administration improved the conception rate in repeat breeder buffaloes and cows bearing dominant follicle in the ovary. In repeat breeder buffaloes and heifers with predominant corpus luteum and adequate body condition score (BCS), administration of PGF2α increased the pregnancy rates. Conception rate with Ovsynch protocol (GnRH-PGF2α -GnRH-TAI) usually was improved when initiation of program done during mid-diestrus i.e. days 5-12 of estrus cycle. Exogenous progesterone administration resulted in increased serum progesterone level during PGF2α injection that usually improves fertility of lactating dairy cows. In conclusion, hormonal treatment is considered to be most effective treatment to mitigate the problems of repeat breeding syndrome in Nepal. However, the first step of treatment involves good care, nutrition, better oestrus detection, timely insemination, periodic deworming to control parasite load and management of mating with bulls.
Coats disease is the potential leading cause of blindness which is an idiopathic disorder characterized by progressive deposition of intraretinal or subretinal exudates and abnormal development of retinal vasculatures known as telangiectasia that leads to exudative retinal detachment. The case shows unilateral involvement of the eye and primarily at an early age of 12 years. The cause of the disease is idiopathic and if associated with other genetic disorders emphasizes the deposition of a genetic component. The underlying histopathological problem is thought due to the abnormal permeability of capillary endothelial cells of the retina. The complications of long-standing disease may progress to total retinal detachment, leukocoria, painful Glaucoma and can be hard to differentiate from retinoblastoma. The diagnostic tools are indirect ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, CT scan, and MRI. The treatment depends on the closure of abnormal leaking vessels of the retina which is laser therapy and anti-VEGF at its early stage. The advanced stage requires surgical therapy such as scleral buckling, pars plana vitrectomy, and anterior vitrectomy for reattachment of the retina or pre retinal membrane. A careful selection therapy showed a 70% improvement in the clinical course of the disease
Sub retinal choroidal retinal membrane is a disease of the retina that affects elderly patient with degenerative pathologies. This case outlines a brief sketch of pathogenesis and treatment protocol of this disease in current era. It is known for self-limited and regressive behavior that can be observed thoroughly and typically has a favorable visual prognosis.
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