Background. Neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) is used in the staging and monitoring of responses to therapy and the detection of recurrences in lung cancer. The diagnostic value of NSE has been under discussion. This may be because NSE usually has been studied in the sera of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and not in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Methods. The NSE levels in the BAL of three groupscontrol subjects, patients with chronic bronchitis, and patients with tumors‐were analyzed. The fluid obtained was centrifuged. The NSE was analyzed in the supernatant of the BAL (NSE, Pharmacia, Columbia, MD). Its concentrations were calculated in relation to milligrams of total protein. Results. A significant difference was noted in the level of NSE in the BAL of the tumor group compared with those of the other two groups. No differences were observed between the other two groups or between healthy smokers and nonsmokers. No correlation was found with the histologic type of pulmonary carcinoma and NSE levels in BAL. The NSE levels were higher in the lavages of patients with primary pulmonary carcinomas than in those with metastases. Conclusions. Neuron‐specific enolase could be of aid in the early diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules and lung cancer. More studies would be required to identify a correlation between NSE levels in BAL and those in serum, or between NSE levels in BAL and tumor size and location and disease stage of lung cancer.

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Resumen. Las falsas informaciones a través de los medios de comunicación no son un fenómeno novedoso. Sin embargo, el acceso a internet y la configuración y el uso de herramientas tan útiles como las redes sociales potencian la polarización y la confrontación, primando un análisis emocional e impreciso de los hechos. Se presenta un trabajo de revisión teórica que tiene como objetivo fundamental detallar los principales mecanismos psicológicos que operan en el procesamiento de las falsas informaciones centrándonos de un modo específico en la hipótesis del razonamiento motivado, los sesgos cognitivos y la teoría del proceso dual.Abstract. False informations through the media are not a novel phenomenon. However, access to Internet, its settings, and a usage of useful tools such as social media promote the polarization and comparison, taking precedence an emotional and ambiguous analysis of facts. A theoretical review is presented with the main goal to detail the principal psychological mechanisms that operate in the processing of false information, focusing in a specific way in the motivated reasoning hypothesis, cognitive bias and dual-process theory.

Resumen. En la actualidad existen un gran número de modelos teóricos que defienden la importancia de la valoración cognitiva en el inicio y mantenimiento de la respuesta de ansiedad. La investigación acerca de los procesos cognitivos que subyacen a la respuesta de ansiedad ha puesto de manifiesto de manera bastante sólida cómo los sujetos ansiosos en comparación con sujetos normales muestran una tendencia a atender de manera selectiva y a interpretar de un modo catastrofista información congruente con su estado emocional. Sin embargo, existiría un tercer sesgo para el cual los datos de las distintas investigaciones han arrojado resultados difusos en los distintos trastornos y tareas experimentales. Nos referimos al sesgo de memoria, que puede definirse como la tendencia a recordar preferentemente estimulación negativa presentada previamente en comparación con estimulación neutra. Se presenta un trabajo de revisión teórica sistemática que tiene como objetivo fundamental determinar la existencia del sesgo de memoria a lo largo de los diferentes trastornos de ansiedad y de las diferentes tareas experimentales utilizadas en la evaluación de dicho sesgo. Palabras clave: Sesgos cognitivos, sesgos de memoria, trastornos de ansiedad. Abstract.There are currently a large number of theoretical models that defend the importance of cognitive appraisal in the onset and maintenance of anxiety response. Research into the cognitive processes underlying anxiety response have clearly shown that, in comparison to normal subjects, anxious subjects display a tendency to selectively pay attention and catastrophically interpret information that is congruent with their emotional state. However, there is a third bias about which the data from the various investigations have yielded diffuse results in the different disorders and experimental tasks. This is the case of memory bias, which can be defined as the tendency to preferentially recall previously presented negative stimulation in comparison to neutral stimulation. A theoretical review is presented with the main goal of determining the existence of memory bias across diverse anxiety disorders and the different experimental tasks used to assess this bias.