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Consideration of the environmental impact of aircraft has become critical in commercial aviation. The continued growth of air traffic has caused increasing demands to reduce aircraft emissions, imposing new constraints on the design and development of future airplane concepts. In this paper, an aircraft design optimisation framework is used to design aircraft that minimise specific environmental metrics. Multidisciplinary design optimisation is used to optimise aircraft by simultaneously considering airframe, engine and mission. The environmental metrics considered in this investigation are CO 2 emissions -which are proportional to fuel burn -and landingtakeoff NO x emissions. The results are compared to those of an aircraft with minimum direct operating cost. The design variables considered in the optimisation problems include aircraft geometry, engine parameters, and cruise settings. An augmented Lagrangian particle swarm optimiser and a genetic algorithm are used to solve the single objective and multi-objective optimisation problems, respectively.

This paper presents the evaluation of different MDO architectures using an extended set of metrics, which take into consideration optimization and formulation structure characteristics. Demonstrative comparisons are made for analytic and supersonic business jet conceptual design examples. Results show the promising features of the proposed evaluation metrics to define a standardized guideline when dealing with multidisciplinary optimization formulations which can be applied to aircraft conceptual design problems.