Resumo: Introdução: A iniciação científica (IC) é o processo de treinamento e estudo sobre a metodologia científica ou a execução de pesquisa com orientação. Tal prática é prevista pelas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais de 2014, verificada pelo Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Superior e apoiada pelo Sistema de Acreditação de Escolas Médicas. A IC tem o potencial de produzir e permitir o avanço do conhecimento, bem como favorecer uma prática de Medicina Baseada em Evidências. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo delimitar o panorama acerca dos programas de pesquisa para graduandos de Medicina no Brasil, buscando os requisitos mínimos para caracterizar uma IC e as potencialidades e os desafios na realidade brasileira. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de revisão sistemática, conforme critérios PRISMA, realizado no período de maio a junho de 2021 nas bases de dados SciELO, PubMed, BVS, Google Acadêmico e BDTD. Efetuou-se análise qualitativa dos artigos selecionados por meio de avaliação de possíveis vieses e organização em seis categorias temáticas: 1. políticas institucionais, 2. engajamento e interesse de discente, 3. desafios à prática de pesquisa, 4. orientadores, 5. efeitos e produtos da IC, e 6. formação científica. Resultado: Foram incluídos 12 estudos na análise final. As escolas investigadas, em sua maioria, não tinham programas de IC estruturados e possuíam a maior parte de seus estudantes interessados por pesquisa científica ou em realizar trabalhos científicos. Os principais desafios à prática da pesquisa por estudantes foram a falta de estímulo institucional, de financiamento e de infraestrutura adequada. E, como efeitos da IC, grande parte dos estudantes apresentou um trabalho em congressos, mas dificilmente publicaram em periódicos. Conclusão: A IC é um programa com atividades que envolvem a aplicação do método científico com grande relevância para estimular a condução de um projeto de pesquisa com carácter ético, técnico e científico. A potencialidade político-social mais interessante da participação na IC é a desmistificação da pós-graduação e da carreira acadêmica, e o desafio mais presente na realidade brasileira é a falta de estímulo institucional.
Introduction Vitamin D plays a vital role in the proper functioning of various systems of the human body. Conventionally, it is known that its deficiency can impair, among other factors, calcium homeostasis, bone metabolism, and immune system regulation. Besides having anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic properties, 25(OH)D also acts in maintaining the integrity of the human retina, favoring the idea of it being a protective factor for certain ocular diseases. Objective Therefore, the purpose of this review was to collect data from the literature which support the importance of vitamin D for ocular health. Methods Through the Scientific Electronic Library Online and the National Library of Medicine databases, a compendium was created on the subject. Results In total, 31 articles in English published between 2016 and 2020 were found. These articles were reviewed and categorized by diseases in order to study each disorder thoroughly. It is noticed that 25(OH) D is, in fact, a potential protective factor against such diseases, including diseases that affect both the surface of the cornea and the ocular tissues that have vitamin D receptors. Conclusion Vitamin D is a protective hormone in the eye, and its deficiency is related to a variety of ocular diseases. Therefore, the supplementation of 25(OH)D can be considered as a complementary treatment for patients with these diseases, since it brings relevant benefits.
Background: Frank’s sign is a diagonal crease in the earlobe that extends from the tragus to the inferior-posterior auricle’s edge. Described as a predictor of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), it was considered an independent cardiovascular risk factor (CRF) and associated with cerebrovascular events and cognitive impairment (CI). Objectives: To assess the prevalence of Frank’s sign in a general population aged 60 years or older regardless of the presence of CRFs and to relate the presence of this sign with epidemiological and clinical aspects. Design and setting: This is an analytical, observational and cross- sectional study accomplished in ABC Region and in Itapecerica da Serra (Greater São Paulo). Methods: 500 individuals aged 60 years or older randomly recruited had their ears photographed, responded to either Mini Mental State Examination or Montreal Cognitive Assessment depending on education achievement. Results: 57% were women; 57% were white, 39% black and 4% asian; 64% had the sign; Frank’s sign was associated with dyslipidemia and almost with hypertension, but not with cardiovascular events or CI. Conclusions: 1. Frank’s sign was more prevalent in older people, in the white population and, for the first time, in women. 2. There is a pattern in the sign prevalence in Greater São Paulo, which differs from the international one. 3. Frank’s sign seems to be a marker for CV risk, but not for previous CV events. 4. There was no association between Frank’s sign and CI. 5. Prospective studies could assure whether this sign is a marker for CVDs in this population.
Background: Frank’s sign is a diagonal crease in the earlobe that extends from the tragus to the inferior-posterior auricle’s edge. Described as a predictor of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), it was considered an independent cardiovascular risk factor (CRF) and associated with cerebrovascular events and cognitive impairment (CI). Objectives: To assess the prevalence of Frank’s sign in a general population aged 60 years or older regardless of the presence of CRFs and to relate the presence of this sign with epidemiological and clinical aspects. Design and setting: This is an analytical, observational and cross- sectional study accomplished in ABC Region and in Itapecerica da Serra (Greater São Paulo). Methods: 500 individuals aged 60 years or older randomly recruited had their ears photographed, responded to either Mini Mental State Examination or Montreal Cognitive Assessment depending on education achievement. Results: 57% were women; 57% were white, 39% black and 4% asian; 64% had the sign; Frank’s sign was associated with dyslipidemia and almost with hypertension, but not with cardiovascular events or CI. Conclusions: 1. Frank’s sign was more prevalent in older people and in the white population and, for the first time, in women. 2. There is a pattern in the sign prevalence in Greater São Paulo, which differs from the international one. 3. Frank’s sign may be more sensitive to CVDs in hospitalized patients than in the general population and it can be a bias in literature. 4. Prospective studies could assure whether this sign is a marker for CVDs in this population.
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