Purpose Literature on joint effusion (JE) and its association with clinical and radiological variables in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is inconsistent and is characterized by multiple methodological limitations. The primary aim of this investigation was to evaluate the association between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identified JE and TMJ arthralgia. The secondary aim of this investigation was to determine the association between JE and other clinical and MRI identified soft tissue characteristics. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Clinical and soft-tissue imaging assessments were carried out following the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders guidelines. The dependent variable was JE and primary independent variable was arthralgia. The secondary independent variables comprised of TMJ-pain associated characteristics, and magnetic resonance identified variables. When applicable either Pearson Chi-square or T-test was used to determine the statistical associations between JE and clinical characteristics, and between JE and MR identified variables. Furthermore, generalized estimating equations (GEE) model was conducted to determine which of the independent clinical and MR identified variables were associated with JE. Results Data for 158 participants, representing 312 joints was extracted. The mean age of the female sample (59.4 %) was 31 ± 11.1 years and of the male sample (40.6 %) was 29.8 ± 9.7 years. No association was found between JE and arthralgia. However, statistically significant associations were found between JE and lateral disc rotation (p = .001) and between disc position in the coronal and sagittal planes (p = .001). The GEE model suggested that disc displacement with reduction (OR = 2.5) was statistically significant contributing factors for JE in the absence of DJD. Conclusion Results indicate that JE is associated with the position of the disc in sagittal plane. No association was found between JE and arthralgia, or TMJ-pain associated clinical characteristics in patients with TMD.
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