The emergence of the Asian invasive malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, has been identified in Khartoum, the capital city of Sudan. This is the first report that confirms the geographical expansion of this urban mosquito into Central Sudan. We urgently recommend the launch of a national entomological survey to determine the distribution of this invasive disease vector and to generate essential information about its bionomics and susceptibility to available malaria control measures.
Graphical Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases have a major impact on human health and the economies of developing countries in particular (Bennett et al., 2016). Efficient vaccines and medicines are available only for a few individuals. Therefore, the only way to combat these diseases is to control the mosquitoes that spread them. In Sudan, arboviral infections are a major health problem. Periodical outbreaks of
Hyalomma anatolicum larvae behaved as 3-host life cycle when fed on cross-bred calves at zero grazing system. The drop-off rhythms of H. anatolicum mostly occurred at night. Unfed larvae were more resistant to desiccation than unfed nymphs. The ability of unfed stages to survive completes nearly ten weeks.
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