Leptospirosis is a zoonosis distributed worldwide, endemic mainly in humid subtropical and tropical countries, with epidemic potential. It affects a range of both wild and domestic animals, including sheep, which transport leptospires in their urine and, therefore, can infect other animals and humans who deal with them. Therefore, leptospirosis is characterized as an occupational zoonosis. In individual herds leptospirosis can cause severe economic loss due to miscarriages and outbreaks of mastitis with a significant reduction of milk production. The disease is caused by Leptospira interrogans, which was reclassified into 13 pathogenic species, and distributed into more than 260 serovars classified into 23 serogroups. The clinical signs of infection may vary depending on the serovar and host. In maintenance hosts, antibody production is generally low; there are relatively mild signs of the disease, and a prolonged carrier state with organisms in the kidneys. In incidental hosts, the disease may be more severe, with high titers of circulating antibodies and a very short or nonexistent renal carrier state. In general, young animals with renal and hepatic failure have more serious infections than adults. Several diseases may produce symptoms similar to those of leptospirosis, so that laboratory confirmation, through microscopic agglutination test, for example, is required. The effectiveness of treatment depends on early diagnosis and appropriate therapy, depending on clinical features, since leptospirosis can develop into chronic liver disease and nephropathy, progressing towards death. Improvements in habitation and sanitary conditions, rodent control, vaccination, isolation and treatment of affected animals are the main measures for the control of leptospirosis.
Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, FMB) for making available all the resources and equipment that contributed to this work. We acknowledge the Mass Spectrometry Laboratory at the Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil, for its support with the mass spectrometric analysis. 3 ABSTRACT 1 Seeking and identifying biomarker molecules in inflammatory exudate of chronic 2 venous ulcers (CVUs) can aid health professionals in the healing prognosis. The 3 therapeutic failure or cure is related to the quantitative expression of determinate 4proteins. This work aimed to identify the proteins expressed in inflammatory exu-5 dates from CVUs and correlate them with reduction or increase in the wound size. 6 For 90 days, 28 participants that received standard treatment for 37 CVUs were 7 monitored. The inflammatory exudates were collected before treatment initiation 8 (T=0) and analyzed via the Label-free Shotgun. After 90 days the wound area was 9 reduced in 25 (67.6%) of them. Mass spectrometry analysis of all the inflammatory 10 exudates showed four proteins differentially expressed and related to favorable or 11 unfavorable evolution of the healing process. Complement C3 and ceruloplasmin 12 were identified in all the lesions analyzed and were expressed differentially in le-13 sions that presented diminished area in the studied period. Apoliprotein A1 and 14 neutrophil defensin-1 presented differential expression in ulcers that either did not 15 diminish or augmented their wound area through 90 days. These results suggest 16 that Complement C3, Ceruloplasmin, Apoliprotein A1 and Neutrophil-defensin-1 17 proteins are potential candidate molecules for prognostic healing markers in chron-18 ic venous ulcers. 19Keywords: Chronic venous ulcers, non-healing ulcers, inflammatory exudate, 20 mass spectrometry, prognostic biomarkers. 21 22the Western world [1]. Epidemiological studies performed in the last decade evi-26 denced the frightening perspective of an estimated prevalence between 34.5 and 27 150.8 million persons affected [2,[3][4][5][6]. Chronic leg ulcers are lesions that generally 28 last longer than 6 weeks and in some cases more than 20 years, frequently recur 29 and are related to complications from venous insufficiency in the lower limbs [7,8]. 30The treatment is prolonged, onerous to the health systems, and has im-31 portant social impact since it contributes to absences from work [9][10][11][12]. The pa-32 tients evolve with restricted mobility, social isolation and a worsening quality of life 33 [13,14]. These aspects affect mental health by increasing sleep disturbances [15], 34 evolving with anxiety and subsequent depression [16]. Given that some cases heal 35 and others do not, science has been searching for years for possible prognostic 36 mechanisms of healing. 37In this context, the investigative approach of proteomic analysis of human 38 bodily fluids has been viewed as powerful analytic tool for discovering molecular 39 markers that can aid in the diagnosis and progno...
ABSTRACT:The unfavorable evolution of a young ovine during hyperimmunization process with Crotalus durissus terrificus venom was investigated in order to differentiate its origin between ophidic envenomation and copper toxicosis. Clinical, laboratory, necroscopic and histological exams as well as evaluation and measurement of heavy metals (copper) in the kidneys and in the liver were carried out. Blood counts revealed anemia and serological tests showed high levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, total bilirubin and indirect bilirubin; which indicates liver, kidney and skeletal muscle damages. At necropsy, the animal presented hepatopathy and nephropathy. Histological examination revealed renal and hepatic features that may imply copper intoxication. Copper levels were 237.8 µg/g in the liver and 51.2 µg/g in the kidneys. Although the amount of metal found in both organs was below the level that can cause death, according to the literature, anatomopathological signs were suggestive of copper intoxication. Therefore, the hypothesis of metal toxicosis during the hyperimmunization process became more consistent than the crotalic envenomation one.
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