Background: Jatropha is known as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-fungal, anti-cancer, and has coagulant activity. Jatropha curcas (Jatropha curcas L.) contains toxic compounds such as cursin, ricin and gallic acid. The liver has an important role in the process of metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotic substances. Repeated exposure to toxic compounds can damage hepatic hepatocytes. If the hepatocyte cells are injured, the AST/ALT enzyme is excreted and goes into the blood vessels, as an indicator of liver damage. This is also indicated by changes in the thickness of the central veins. This study aims to determine the effect of giving jatropha seed extract (Jatropha curcas L.) on AST/ALT activity and the central vein thickness in the liver. Materials and Methods: The research design was experimental, using male rats (Rattus novergicus L) Sprague Dawley strain. The rats were given Jatropha seed extract at doses of 0, 5, 25, 50, and 250 mg/ KgBW for 28 days. To assess liver damage, measurements of AST/ ALT activity and thickness of the central vein in the liver were performed. Results: Jatropha seed extract increased ALT activity at doses of 25.50, and 250 mg / KgBW compared to the control group (1.207; 1.62; 1.548 IU/L/ mg tissue x 10-3); and increased AST activity at doses of 5, 25, 50, and 250 mg / KgBW compared to the control group (0.769; 0.974; 1.449; 1.185 IU/L/ mg tissue x 10-3); Central vein thickness increased at doses of 25 and 50 mg/KgBW (6.17 and 4.9 µm) (Kruskal Wallis; p> 0.05). Conclusion: Jatropha curcas L. seed extract increased the activity of AST/ALT and the thickness of the central vein in the liver.
Introduction: Cytoglobin (Cygb) is an oxygen transporter marker that appears in hypoxic conditions. The clinical condition of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases, in general is that patients experience hypoxemia with low oxygen saturation. The Cygb gene is stimulated by the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1alpha (HIF-1α) transcription factor, which is stable in hypoxia. Methods: This study investigates Cygb expression in hypoxic COVID-19 cases. The design of this research is analytically observational. Parameters measured were Cygb mRNA and protein levels, correlation of HIF-1α and Cygb proteins in COVID-19 patients with Alpha, Beta, Delta, Omicron variants and negative control patients. Results: The results showed that each Cygb mRNA level decreased by 0.50, 0.92, 0.75 and 0.84 times that of the control. In contrast, Cygb protein levels (ng/mL) increased (16.95; 20.33; 21.20; 14.01 and 6.29 control). Strong negative correlation between mRNA and Cygb protein (R = -0.611). Strong positive correlation between HIF-1α and Cygb protein (R = 0.670). Conclusion: This study showed that Cygb mRNA expression decreased, further increasing Cygb protein; HIF-1α protein levels increased, further increasing Cygb protein. In COVID-19 patients (Alpha, Beta, Delta and Omicron variants), there is an increase in Cygb protein levels through stimulation of HIF-1α, which is stable under hypoxic conditions. The regulation of Cygb in this study has the potential to become the basis for handling cases of viral infections or other cases of hypoxia.
The role of TGF-β1 is known as the main immunosuppresor associated with tumor, but on the other opinion, it is associated with proliferation and tumor invasion. The increase and decrease of the secretion of TGF-β is (0, 5, 25, 50, 250 mg/BB)
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