Objective: The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the effect of adding the cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) component to routine physical therapy (PT) on pain and depression reduction, improvement in quality of life, and enhanced function in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Type: Systematic review. Literature Survey: Google Scholar, PubMed, Ovid, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Embase electronic databases were explored for the key terms of "behavioral (or behavioural) treatment" OR "behavior (behaviour) treatment" OR "behavior (behaviour) therapy" OR "cognitive behavior (or behaviour) treatment" OR "cognitive treatment" OR "cognitive therapy" OR "operant behavior (or behaviour) treatment" OR "respondent behavior (or behaviour) treatment" AND "physical therapy" OR "physiotherapy" OR "exercise therapy" OR "electrotherapy" OR "electrical therapy" OR "manual therapy" OR "myofascial therapy" OR "rehabilitation" AND "low back pain" OR "lower back pain" OR "back pain" OR "chronic back pain" OR "chronic lower back pain", with no limitation on language, through January 2018. Methodology: All randomized controlled trials that statistically compared the effectiveness of CBT + PT and PT were included for quality analysis. Studies were rated by high to poor quality, using Hailey's classification, based on their design and performance. Synthesis: Of the 10 included studies, 7 were rated as high quality and 3 as good quality. Although CBT + PTwas found to be superior to PT for pain, disability, quality of life, and functional capacity variables in some of the included studies, no extra benefit from CBT was documented in other investigations. The included studies also failed to show any advantage of CBT + PT over PT in reducing depression, and PT was even found to be superior to CBT + PT in one high-quality study. Conclusions: Although appearing to be advantageous by reducing pain and disability and enhancing functional capacity and quality of life, CBT effects on depression cannot be teased out from the effects of PT. Level of Evidence: I

The aging population is growing rapidly. Risk of falling is higher in older people compared to young adults due to several reasons including poor posture and balance. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cerebellar anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) on static and dynamic postural stability in older individuals. Twenty-nine older adults participated in this study and were randomly allocated to two groups of active a-tDCS (experimental; n = 14) or sham tDCS group (n = 15). Experimental group received cerebellar a-tDCS for 20 min with intensity of 1.5 mA. Anterior-posterior and medial-lateral postural stability indices (postural sway) in addition to Berg Balance Score were measured before and after the intervention. Postural sways in static and dynamic postural tasks were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) after cerebellar a-tDCS, in addition to Berg Balance Score that increased significantly in active cerebellar a-tDCS group (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant changes in postural stability indices or Berg Balance Score in sham group (P > 0.05). The findings indicated immediate effect of cerebellar a-tDCS on improvement of postural control and balance in older individuals.

The variability of the postural responses of participants with LBP decreased. Restoring variability in postural control responses might be a goal in rehabilitating these patients.

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