Co-gasification of biomass, namely, switchgrass, with coal and fluid coke was performed to investigate the availability of the gasification catalysts to the mixed feedstock, especially alkali and alkaline earth elements, naturally present on switchgrass. Rates of CO 2 gasification of the single and mixed materials were measured at temperatures between 750 and 950 °C and atmospheric pressure by thermogravimetry. High interparticle mobility of the catalysts is indicated by a prompt and lasting effect on the mixed feed gasification rate when compared with the separate rates. The switchgrass−coal mixtures show a deactivation (antagonism), attributed to sequestration of the mobile alkali elements by reaction with aluminosilicate minerals in coal to form inactive alkali aluminosilicates, such as KAlSi 3 O 8 and KAlSiO 4 . Remaining catalytic activity is evident when excess alkali is present in the feed mixture to satisfy the stoichiometric requirements of these deactivation reactions. In co-gasification of switchgrass with fluid coke, which has little interfering inorganic matter, a synergism is noted in the gasification of the mixed feed. The results document the effects of fuel mixture, composition of the coal or coke ash, and the gasification temperature on this behavior.

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The kinetics of K 2 CO 3 -catalyzed CO 2 gasification of ash-free coal was investigated with a thermogravimetric analyzer and compared to raw coal and uncatalyzed ash-free coal. At 750 °C, the gasification of ash-free coal dry mixed with 20 wt % K 2 CO 3 was approximately 3 and 60 times faster than the raw coal and ash-free coal without catalyst, respectively. Increasing the amount of catalyst from 20 to 45 wt % increased the gasification rate 3-fold. The gasification rate of ash-free coal containing potassium catalyst strongly depended upon the pretreatment (i.e., heating gas atmosphere and heating time) because it directly affected the degree of catalyst reduction. The catalytic gasification behavior could only be predicted with the extended random pore model, whereas the random pore model and integrated model were essentially equal for fitting the gasification rate for raw and ash-free coal. The activation energy for the catalyzed ash-free coal gasification was approximately 100 kJ mol −1 larger than for raw coal and the uncatalyzed ash-free coal. This increase might be due to the energy required for the potassium (i.e., catalyst) transfer to a new carbon site or caused by the pyrolysis process, because the formed char might have different properties.

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A B S T R A C T The aim of the present research is to evaluate ductile failure of U-notched components under mixed mode I/II loading conditions. For this purpose, first, several rectangular plates made of the aluminium alloy Al 6061-T6 and weakened by central bean-shaped slit with two U-shaped ends are tested under mixed mode I/II loading conditions, and the load-carrying capacity of the specimens are experimentally measured. Then, using the equivalent material concept, Al 6061-T6, which is a highly ductile material, is equated with a virtual brittle material, and the load-carrying capacity of the same U-notched specimens virtually made of the equivalent material is theoretically predicted by using two well-known stress-based brittle fracture criteria. Finally, the theoretical failure loads of the virtual specimens are compared with the experimental ones of the real Al 6061-T6 specimens. It is revealed that the experimental results could very well be predicted by means of both brittle fracture criteria without conducting time-consuming elasticplastic analyses.

9Catalytic gasification is a method of converting biosolids, the solids created during wastewater 10 treatment, into a valuable gaseous stream. One of the challenges with this process is that the 11 components in the ash of the biosolids can interact with the gasification catalyst(s) -in 12 particular, calcium and potassium. In this study, the behaviors of different combinations of 13 switchgrass (the source of potassium), biosolids, ash-free carbon black, and mixtures of each 14 feed with added calcium and/or potassium were observed with a thermogravimetric analysis unit. 15The results were consistent with calcium preferentially reacting with components in the ash, 16preventing the deactivation of potassium. Any additional calcium available may form bimetallic 17

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A simple wet chemical method was developed to control the size and shape of the Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures in the presence of new, efficient, and low-cost templates like ameline, sorbitol, and polyethylene glycol (PEG, M w ¼ 200) at low temperature within a few minutes. Nanorods and nanoparticles have been achieved through applying these templates and tuning other growth parameters. The products were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effect of the growth parameters such as template, Zn 2þ source/Template ratio, pH, reaction time, and temperature on the growth and morphology of ZnO nanostructures have been investigated in detail. The results revealed that template has an important effect on the morphology and size of the ZnO nanostructures. Also, reaction time is believed to be a key factor because it can change the quality of nano ZnO produced by this method. By tuning these parameters nanorods, nano particle/rod, nano porous structures have been achieved.