Corbicula fluminea serves as traditional food to the local people in Kelantan, Malaysia. Concerns regarding river contamination, smoking method, and associated adverse effects on public health had been increasing. Hence, this study aims to measure the level of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn) and assess human health risk in C. fluminea consumption at Kelantan. Heavy-metal analysis was done using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, while human health risk was assessed using provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI). The estimated weekly intake (EWI) for all metals was found within PTWI, while THQ for Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn was 0.12, 0.06, 0.04, 0.41, and 0.03, respectively. The HI was calculated at 0.61 which is less than 1, considered as the safe consumption level. Therefore, C. fluminea consumption in this study was found safe from the health risk of noncarcinogenic effect over a lifetime.
Oil and grease wastewater is produced from many sources such as industry and municipal. The discharge of oil and grease in wastewater system causes bad effect towards the environment and wastewater system itself. Palm Kernel Shells (PKS), an agricultural waste was chosen to see its ability in removing oil and grease in wastewater. The PKS was carbonized at 400 °C, activated with KOH and carbonized again at 800 °C. The parameter affecting oil and grease removal such as different oil and grease concentration, contact time and flow rate were studied. The oil and grease removal study was conducted by the column adsorption method and followed by the gravimetric method to identify the remaining oil and grease. PKS activated carbon shows maximum removal of 99.89% at flow rate 1mL/min after 6 hours contact time with 5%w/v initial concentration of wastewater. SEM micrograph of PKS activated carbon after adsorption of oil and grease shows that oil and grease has covered the pores of the surface of the PKS activated carbon. Overall, the PKS activated carbon has the ability in removing oil and grease which indicates that PKS can be used as a alternative treatment in removing oil and grease.
Anthropogenic activities that happen in Terengganu River were contributed to sediment pollution at that area. The sediment pollution occurred when sediment are additional influenced with chemical adsorption between the metals, grain size, and organic matter. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the metal pollution using Enrichment Factor (EF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) and compared with the previous study. A total of 15 sediment samples were collected from 5 different rives and metal concentration were analyzed using flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (ASS). The metal concentration ranged as followed: Cr (0.48-12.80 mg/kg), Cu (0.38-15.20 mg/kg), Mg (202.00-2769.00mg/kg), K (63.36-1730.00 mg/kg), Mn (4.27-33.70 mg/kg), Zn (2.05-31.30 mg/kg) and Cl (141.00-584.00 mg/kg) respectively. Enrichment Factor (EF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) were used as a pollution indicator to access the sediment pollution in selected Terengganu Rivers. The mean Enrichment Factor (EF) value indicated in decrease order Cl (34.70) > Zn (23.44) > Cu (10.37) > Cr (1.95) > K (1.58) > Mg (1.16)> Mn (0.87). Meanwhile, Pollution Load Index (PLI) value showed below than 1 in all sampling stations. When compared with previous study, Mg and Cl metals need to take further action due to dramatically increased within seven years. The output from this study will be useful for environmental management at Terengganu Rivers.
Water pollution by toxic heavy metals is a global environmental problem. It has led to the development of alternative technologies for heavy metals removal from contaminated sites. Constructed wetland microcosm by using Alocasia puber is a possible treatment method for wastewater containing heavy metals. Synthetic wastewater with heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn were used in this study. Several heavy metals concentrations (5 mg/L, 10 mg/L and 100 mg/L) were used in the systems. Six different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 days) were tested in the present study. The results obtained showed removal efficiencies of heavy metals of >99% after day 12. The removal of Ni from 10 mg/L solutions (initial concentrations) recorded the best removal efficiency. Heavy metal translocation factor (TF) was found to be less than 1 for all metals tested, which confirmed the significance of roots as heavy metals accumulator compared to stems or leaves of A, puber. Therefore, this study concluded that A, puber has a great potential as an important component in constructed wetlands for water contaminated with heavy metals.
The photocatalyst of TiO2/Al2O3/CNT nanocomposite was prepared by hydrothermal process. Its performance was evaluated based on the efficiency in degrading metamifop, an active ingredient in the commercial formulation herbicide. The effect of initial concentration metamifop, the dosage of photocatalyst used during photocatalytic degradation of metamifop and the effect of air flow rate were investigated for the evaluation of its performance. The highest percentage degradation of 10 mg/l metamifop obtained from this study was 95.0% using 20 mg of TiO2/Al2O3/CNT nanocomposite photocatalyst with the air flow rate of 2 l/min. The prepared photocatalyst can be potentially used in environmental application.
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