This inquiry examines the downfall of the Umayyad Caliphate in Cordoba, Andalus (Spain), in 1031 CE, which signaled the end of almost three centuries of Umayyad dominance in the region under Islamic governance. The primary objective of this study is to scrutinize the factors contributing to the demise of the Umayyad Caliphate in Andalus, drawing upon the insights presented by Ibn Khaldun. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study utilized content analysis methodology to examine pertinent documents and additional written sources. The findings of this research, as per Ibn Khaldun’s theories, identified critical elements that precipitated the collapse of the Umayyad government. These included a failed state, political disintegration, severe financial crises stemming from the erosion of social solidarity, a decline in the sense of belonging (‘asabiyyah), instances of injustice and tyranny, a culture of opulence, and weakened religious adherence. Ultimately, the populace of Andalus withdrew their support for the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to a diminishing sense of social solidarity. Consequently, the Islamic civilization in Andalus underwent a gradual decline, culminating in its destruction by external forces.
COVID-19 is at risk of setting off global mental health crisis. The effect is also extended to the students in higher learning institutions. This research looks at the effects of COVID-19 on the mental health aspect among students from higher learning institutions in Malaysia. The study sample consists of 79 respondents who are randomly selected from various higher learning institutions. All respondents had attended online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research instrument used in this study is a questionnaire. Two things that were assessed on respondents are the situations or constraints encountered while pursuing online learning and its impact on their mental and emotional health. The research data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The research findings show that majority of respondents agreed that they encounter situations or constraints while attending online classes. Moreover, majority of respondents agreed that such situations or constraints affect their mental and emotional health. The findings of this research are supported by previous studies that reported the same thing.
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