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Adipose tissue browning is a physiological process that increases energy expenditure and may combat against obesity and its related risk factors. Fibroblast growth factor 21 and Irisin, hormones affected by exercise that also affect adipose tissue browning, have not been widely studied with regards to exercise type and duration. This study compared the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and high-intensity resistance training (HIRT) on Irisin and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in men living with overweight and obesity. After completing a training program three times weekly for eight weeks, participants’ serum levels of Irisin and FGF21 were significantly increased in the HIIT and HIRT groups compared to the control group (p<0.05). Additionally, body fat percentage and body weight in both training groups were significantly reduced in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). Thus, HIIT and HIRT programs may be used as a feasible modality to promote favourable changes in body composition and Irisin and FGF21, factors critical for browning white adipose tissue in men living with overweight and obesity.

1. Introduction ecreased muscle mass in older people is attributed to impaired skeletal muscle ability to respond to anabolic stimulation and to D increase the activity of proteolytic signaling pathways [1]. According to studies, low exercise intensities like 30% of 1-Repetition Maximum (1RM) to voluntary fatigue are effective in stimulating muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophy [2]. In other words, in fatigue conditions, increased activity of the motor unit leads to increased activity of highthreshold motor units that innervate type II fibers and in

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare eight weeks of exposure to sunlight and Home-Based Pilates Training serum vitamin D, CCL20, and the body composition of women with multiple sclerosis. Materials and Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study. Among women with Multiple sclerosis (with2-5EDSS), 44 were purposefully and voluntarily selected and randomly divided into three groups: Pilates at home) n=15), Pilates exposed to the sun (n=15) and control (n=14) were divided. The training program consisted of three sessions per week for eight weeks, consisting of two parts, Pilates training at home and Pilates training in the environment. An exercise program on the DVD was provided. The Serum vitamin D, CCL20 indices, and body composition of patients with MS were measured 48 hours before and after eight Pilates exercises at home and under sunlight. To analyze the data, analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test, SPSS software, and P≤ 0.05 significance level. Results: Comparing the results in the two stages showed that there was a significant difference between CCL20 (P= 0.001), serum vitamin D (P= 0.001), BMI (P= 0.001), weight (P= 0.001) and WHR (P= 0.001) indices of women with MS in the studied groups. These differences were only between the training groups and the control group. However, there was a significant difference in the CCL20 index and serum vitamin D between the two training groups (Respectively P= 0.037, P= 0.001). Conclusion: Patients with MS can improve their vitamin D level and weight-related and inflammatory indicators by using Pilates exercises exposed to sunlight and at home with minimal cost.

Objectives Aging and change in the skeletal muscle are certain challenges faced by the elderly. This condition leads to a decrease in the musculoskeletal functions, physical function, and disability compared to the younger individuals. Thus, the current study aimed at examining the exercise of back stabilizer muscles of aged women compared to the young ones in response to resistance training and soy milk supplementation. Methods & MaterialsThe study had a quasi-experimental design conducted on 27 old women (Mean [SD] age: 69.60[3.16] years) and 10 young ones. The aged women were randomly divided into back stabilizer exercise plus soy milk, back stabilizer exercise, and control groups (9 subjects in each group). They took part in exercise-nutrition interventions for 10 weeks, 3 sessions per week. The subjects were given soy milk to drink three times in a day with and without exercise. Ultrasonic features of multifidus, ability, back performance, and nutrition status of aged women were measured pre-and post-intervention. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA. Results Mean (SD) multifidus cross-sectional area of aged women (3.49[0.908] , respectively). Conclusion Ten weeks of stabilizer exercise and consuming soy milk led to an increase in the ultrasonic features of back multifidus muscle of aged women and decreased the age-related muscle changes. On the other hand, improvement in multifidus muscles not only resulted in ability and back performance promotion, but also led to independency and social activity development in the aged women. A B S T R A C T Key words:Aging, Soy milk, Paraspinal muscles

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Background: C1q/TNF-related protein (CTRP3) is a potent anti-inflammatory adipokine with activities, such as reduction of glucose level and inhibition of gluconeogenesis in the liver. However, the effect of exercise training on CTRP3 in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unknown. Objectives: This study was done to investigate the effects of two different intensities of combined training on CTRP3 and insulin resistance in women with NAFLD and compare these two training patterns. Methods: Thirty-three women with NAFLD were randomly divided into three equal groups. Group 1 performed resistance training (RT), along with aerobic interval training (AIT) (2 - 5 intervals of four minutes, 70 - 75% HRmax), group 2 performed RT along with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (8 - 13 intervals of one minute, 85 - 95% HRmax), and the control group did not participate in any training. The body composition measurements and blood sampling were carried out before and after 12 weeks of training. Data analysis was performed using repeated-measures ANOVA (α ≤ 0.05). Results: After 12 weeks, the CTRP3 level significantly increased in group 1 compared with the control group (P = 0.01) and group 2 (P < 0.001). The fasting glucose and fasting insulin levels significantly decreased in group 1 compared with the control group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.01, respectively). The insulin resistance index decreased in both group 1 and group 2; however, the difference was not significant compared with the control group (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Combined training (RT + AIT) in the present study increased the level of CTRP3; thus, it is likely that women with NAFLD can benefit from this program as a non-pharmacological adjunct treatment to prevent inflammation and progression of the disease.