The Non-Occupational Pesticide Exposure Study, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, was designed to assess total human exposures to 32 pesticides and pesticide degradation products in the non-occupational environment; however, the study focused primarily on inhalation exposures. Two sites--Jacksonville, Florida (USA) and Springfield/Chicopee, Massachusetts (USA)--were studied during three seasons: Summer 1986 (Jacksonville only), Spring 1987, and Winter 1988. Probability samples of 49 to 72 persons participated in individual site/seasons. The primary environmental monitoring consisted of 24-hr indoor, personal, and outdoor air samples analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/electron capture detection. Indoor and personal air concentrations tended to be higher in Jacksonville than in Springfield/Chicopee. Concentrations tended to be highest in summer, lower in spring, and lowest in winter. Indoor and personal air concentrations were generally comparable and were usually much higher than outdoor air concentrations. Inhalation exposure exceeded dietary exposure for cyclodiene termiticides and for pesticides used mainly in the home. Dietary exposures were greater for many of the other pesticides. Inhalation risks were uncertain for termiticides (depending on rates of degradation) but were negligible for other pesticides. The data were insufficient to support risk assessments for food, dermal contact, or house dust exposures.
Personal and telephone interview surveys were conducted simultaneously during 1981 in the same area (four counties in the area of Tampa Bay, Florida) and utilizing the same interview schedule. Following completion of the surveys, validity checks were made with the medical providers reported by a subsample of respondents to each mode. The telephone survey yielded a lower response rate but cost less than half the personal interview. There was some evidence of nonresponse bias in the telephone survey, and some relatively minor differences in responses were found between
As part of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey ( NHEXAS ) , residential pesticide storage and use patterns were evaluated in a population -based sample of Minnesota households with children aged 3 ± 13. In -home interviews and inventories were conducted to identify pesticide products stored and used in and around 308 households. This statistically based sample represents more than 49,000 urban and rural households in the census tracts sampled. More than 850 unique products were identified using Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) registration numbers. Pesticide products were found in 97% and reported used in 88% of study households. Population -weighted mean values for pesticide storage and use were 6.0 and 3.1 products per household, respectively. The most common active ingredients found were diethyl toluamide ( DEET ) and related compounds, piperonyl butoxide, pyrethrins, dimethylamine 2 -[ 2 -methyl -4 -chlorophenoxy ] propionate ( MCPA ) and chlorpyrifos. Household socio -demographic characteristics explained little of the variability in pesticide storage and use patterns, and there were no significant differences in residential storage and use patterns between households located in urban versus non -urban census tracts. Although the prevalence of households with pesticide products was similar to recent national surveys, observed storage and use rates were almost twice those obtained in recent national studies, reflecting improved inventory techniques used by this study and / or increased rates of pesticide presence and use in study households.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.