This paper presents the empirical findings of a research study undertaken in the Western Province of Zambia. The principal objective was to explore if the issuance of land ownership certificates (LOCs) improves the customary landholders" perceptions of security of tenure. Thus, we test a null hypothesis that: "There are no significant differences in the perceived security of tenure between customary landholders with land ownership certificates and customary landholders without land ownership certificates". A survey was undertaken of customary landholders and land administration officials using structured in-depth interviews and group discussions. The research used a mix of qualitative and quantitative approaches where the views of customary landholders with certificates were compared with those with none based on a security of tenure assessment framework. It was revealed that the land ownership certificates (LOCs) provide the customary landholders with a perceived protection from losing land rights. However, the LOC does not improve other perceptions of customary landholders towards tenure security. In fact most of the perceptions of customary landholders with land ownership certificates are statistically not any different from the others. All customary landholders perceive their tenure as secured under the customary land administration in Western Province. The paper concludes by stating that the absence of a legal recognition renders the LOC insignificant in enhancing the perceived security of tenure. Legal recognition of the customary land administration system in Western Province of Zambia is therefore recommended.

Land is a key asset in the lives of village communities in Zambia. It is thus at the centre of their livelihood strategies as it provides social, economic, and financial benefits to these communities. The paradox though is that despite acknowledging its importance in the lives of village communities, tenure on this land is poorly protected by the state resulting in high insecurity for its occupants. In many instances, there are no clear regulations on its use and alienation while traditional authorities are also ill-equipped for the task of administering this land. The question then that emerges is: In this perceived absence of state protection, how are village communities protecting themselves from threats of dispossession by foreign investors, urban elites, and the state's own actions? This study found that village communities are using various means to protect themselves, including issuance of local land holding certificates.

This paper explores customary land disputes and their implications on livelihoods among the Tonga tribe in SouthernProvince of Zambia. Empirical data was acquired from a cluster of three small village communities located in Ufwenuka Chiefdom of Monze District. Data was collected through household questionnaires, informant's interviews, and focus group discussions. Respondents included village elders, village headmen and heads of households. The research shows that customary land disputes are relatively low in the village communities and when they occur they are mostly about competing interest for arable land and natural resources. Important livelihood implications of the disputes include: growing landholding insecurity; reduced access to natural resources; disruption of agriculture land use; and social tension within households, clans and the community; and loss of trust in traditional leaders. The study concludes that traditional institutions are central in determining access, use and control of land and natural resources in rural livelihoods and land dispute settlement. Consequently, strengthening traditional land administration institutions operating in the customary lands of Zambia is critical for local livelihoods.

Subject and purpose of work: Based on community-wide charges that shopping malls discriminate against small business tenants, this paper seeks: firstly to identify the principal determinants of shopping mall rentals, and secondly to understand if there exists a statistically significant dispersion in rentals against MSMEs. Materials and methods: Relative Importance Index and SPSS (statistical tests) were used to analyze the survey-based data which was acquired from eleven shopping malls in Lusaka. Results: The MSME tenants pay on average $20.32/m2 more t han anchor tenants and $19.12/m2 more than chain stores, ironically on account of capital limitations. MSMEs also face an additional risk during sudden economic shocks due to untenable lease provisions and poor negotiating influence. Conclusions: The study concludes by acknowledging that the MSME sector is covertly vitiated by the imposition of high rental premiums. It recommends that shopping malls should have an affirmative simpler letting policy. Furthermore, a shopping mall association should-be commissioned to exclusively safeguard the interests of MSMEs.

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