Keeping in mind the short-term and long-term aims of cost depletion and sustainable development respectively, a joint water and energy management scheme for water supply systems that leads to reduced energy losses is proposed. For water utilities, drinkable water's treatment and pumping and wastewater treatment are the main energy-consuming processes and a proportional part of this energy is wasted with non-revenue water. In Romania, these losses can reach critical levels so highlighting them becomes a crucial aspect in assessing the system's efficiency. This paper presents a scheme that combines energy audit and water balance techniques that can become a tool for both energy auditors and managers, by allowing the quantification of embedded energy of water losses. The methodology is adapted for the conditions in Romania, where data collection and processing is mainly done manually.
A wet non-conventional method for preparing aluminophosphate glasses is presented.
Aluminophosphate glasses belonging to the oxide system Li2O-BaO-Al2O3-La2O3-P2O5, doped with
rare-earth ions (Pr3+, Er3+, Gd3+, and Yb3+) were obtained. The influence of the doping ions on the
optical properties of the phosphate glasses has been investigated in relation with micro-structural
and local electronic phenomena The optical behavior of Li2O-BaO-Al2O3-La2O3-P2O5 glasses
doped with 3% mol. rare-earth ions has been studied by ultra-violet-visible-near-infra-red (UV-VISNIR)
spectroscopy. The transmission spectra revealed electronic transitions between 4f and 6s inner
orbital of the rare-earth ions. Structural information via optical phonons was provided by infra-red
(IR) absorption spectra in the range 400-4000 cm-1. IR optical phonons are characteristic for the
vitreous phosphate network, showing out the glass network-forming role of P2O5. The absorption
spectra present the main PO2 and P-O-P symmetrical stretch modes besides P-O-P bend mode, P-OH,
P=O, PO3
2-, asymmetrical and symmetrical vibration modes. Fluorescence spectra of the rareearth-
doped aluminophosphate glasses, in the visible range, were obtained by laser excitation at
514.5 nm. The fluorescence signals revealed specific electronic transitions, which provide visible
and near-infra-red emission. Glasses containing rare-earth ions exhibit luminescence at the
following wavelengths: Pr3+ ions at 820 nm and 880 nm, Er3+ ions at 520 nm, 550 nm and 560 nm,
Gd3+ ions at 530 nm, 540 nm, 550 nm 820 and 880 nm, Yb3+ions at 530 nm, 540 nm, 550 nm and
980 nm.
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