IntroductionDespite the progress in the management of the pandemic caused by COVID-19, it is necessary to continue exploring and explaining how this situation affected the athlete population around the world to improve their circumstances and reduce the negative impact of changes in their lifestyle conditions that were necessitated due to the pandemic. The aim of this study was to analyze the moderating influence of physical activity (PA) and dietary habits on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic experience on sleep quality in elite and amateur athletes.Materials and methodsA total of 1,420 elite (40.1%) and amateur (59.9%) athletes (41% women; 59% men) from 14 different countries participated in a cross-sectional design study. Data were collected using a battery of questionnaires that identified sociodemographic data, sleep quality index, PA levels, dietary habits, and the athletes' perception of their experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Means and standard deviations were calculated for each variable. The analysis of variances and the correlation between variables were carried out with non-parametric statistics. A simple moderation effect was calculated to analyze the interaction between PA or dietary habits on the perception of the COVID-19 experience effect on sleep quality in elite and amateur athletes.ResultsThe PA level of elite athletes was higher than amateur athletes during COVID-19 (p < 0.001). However, the PA level of both categories of athletes was lower during COVID-19 than pre-COVID-19 (p < 0.01). In addition, amateurs had a higher diet quality than elite athletes during the pandemic (p = 0.014). The perception of the COVID-19 experience as controllable was significantly higher (p = 0.020) among elite athletes. In addition, two moderating effects had significant interactions. For amateur athletes, the PA level moderated the effect of controllable COVID-19 experience on sleep quality [F(3,777) = 3.05; p = 0.028], while for elite athletes, the same effect was moderated by dietary habits [F(3,506) = 4.47, p = 0.004].ConclusionElite athletes had different lifestyle behaviors compared to amateurs during the COVID-19 lockdown. Furthermore, the relevance of maintaining high levels of PA for amateurs and good quality dietary habits by elite athletes was noted by the moderating effect that both variables had on the influence of the controllable experience during the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep quality.
La pandemia por COVID-19 tuvo gran impacto sobre la salud mental de la población universitaria, por lo que gestionar alternativas para adaptarse resulta fundamental. Objetivo. El propósito del estudio fue analizar el efecto moderador de la actividad física (AF) sobre los niveles de ansiedad generados por las vivencias durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en estudiantes universitarios. Método. Se realizó un estudio transversal, correlacional-explicativo en estudiantes universitarios (n = 922; 36.66% hombres y 63.34% mujeres; 19.97 ±2.92 años). Se aplicó un cuestionario ad hoc para medir el miedo al COVID-19, así como el CUXOS-D para los niveles de ansiedad y el IPAQ-s para evaluar la AF. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, inferenciales y de moderación, además del factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio para el CUXOS-D. Resultados. Se observa la influencia del miedo al COVID-19 sobre los niveles de ansiedad cognitiva, la cual es moderada por los niveles de AF alta (F [3,918] = 21.58; p < .001). Asimismo, se observa que las mujeres perciben mayor ansiedad y realizan menor AF que los hombres. El análisis factorial del CUXOS-D fue satisfactorio. Conclusión. La AF puede tener efectos positivos que moderen el impacto generado por el COVID-19 sobre la ansiedad en la comunidad universitaria. Abstract. The COVID-19 pandemic had a great impact on the mental health of the university population, so managing alternatives to adapt is essential. Objective. The purpose of the study was to analyze the moderating effect of physical activity (PA) on the anxiety levels generated by the experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic in university students. Method. A cross-sectional, correlational-explanatory study was carried out in university students (n = 922; 36.66% men and 63.34% women; 19.97 ± 2.92 years). An ad hoc questionnaire was applied to measure fear to COVID-19, as well as the CUXOS-D for anxiety levels and the IPAQ-s to assess PA. Descriptive, inferential and moderation analyzes were performed, in addition to the exploratory and confirmatory factorial for the CUXOS-D. Results. The influence of fear to COVID-19 on cognitive anxiety levels is observed, which is moderated by high PA levels (F [3,918] = 21.58; p <.001). Likewise, it is observed that women perceive greater anxiety and perform less PA than men. The factor analysis of the CUXOS-D was satisfactory. Conclusion. Physical activity can have positive effects that moderate the impact generated by COVID-19 over anxiety in the university community.
El boxeo es un deporte muy popular en México y Sinaloa. Además de las demandas físico-técnicas, se destacan la influencia de variables psicológicas como la personalidad, autoeficacia, atención plena y ansiedad precompetitiva. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la relación de los rasgos de personalidad con la percepción de autoeficacia, atención plena y la ansiedad estado precompetitiva, así como la evaluación de las diferencias en función de la experiencia y el nivel de competición deportiva alcanzada. Se realizó un estudio transversal con alcance correlacional-descriptivo en una muestra de 26 boxeadores jóvenes (cinco mujeres y 21 hombres) con edades entre 14 y 18 años. Se midieron mediante escalas y cuestionarios validados las siguientes variables: a) Personalidad, b) Autoeficacia, c) Atención plena en el deporte, d) Ansiedad estado precompetitiva. Se analizaron las correlaciones estadísticas entre las variables, así como las diferencias en función de la experiencia competitiva. Los resultados muestran correlaciones significativas (p < .05) de la variable atención en el presente con el rasgo de responsabilidad, la autoeficacia percibida y la ansiedad cognitiva, así como con la consciencia y aceptación medidas por el mismo cuestionario. Por su parte, la aceptación correlacionó positivamente con el factor de autoconfianza. Además, niveles más altos de responsabilidad y la autoeficacia se observaron en los boxeadores de mayor nivel competitivo. Como conclusión, las relaciones identificadas de la atención plena con la autoeficacia y la ansiedad precompetitiva resaltan su importancia para investigar su influencia sobre el rendimiento deportivo en boxeadores jóvenes para futuras investigaciones.
La investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar los factores resilientes, explorando las vivencias estresantes en el ámbito deportivo, así como el proceso de adaptación ante la pandemia por el COVID-19 en boxeadores adolescentes. Se desarrolló un estudio mixto de diseño secuencial DEXPLIS con 36 boxeadores (78% hombres y 22% mujeres) con rango de edad entre 14 y 18 años (M =16.14 ±1.37). Desde el enfoque cuantitativo se aplicaron los cuestionarios: Escala de Resiliencia en el Contexto Deportivo, Escala de Estrés Percibido, e Inventario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento; Respecto al enfoque cualitativo se aplicó una entrevista ad hoc. Se analizó la fiabilidad, medias, desviación estándar, complementándose por medio del análisis temático. Los resultados (Cuan-Cual) indican que los factores resilientes (Competencia Personal y Aceptación de Sí Mismo y de la Vida) se ubican a un nivel medio, resaltando cualidades como la autoconfianza, persistencia y focalización. El estrés percibido relacionado a la vida deportiva (situación de competencia) de los participantes se situó en un nivel medio. Se observó una tendencia al afrontamiento desadaptativo como respuestas evitativas, pensamientos negativos y dificultad para la autorregulación emocional. Mientras se identificó la reestructuración cognitiva en nivel medio y expresión emocional en nivel bajo respecto al afrontamiento adaptativo. Por último, manifestaron dificultades para sobrellevar la situación de la pandemia. En conclusión, los boxeadores han experimentado psicológicamente el cambio de vida derivado de la pandemia, implicando un desafío para la psicología del deporte que deberá desarrollar propuestas de intervención encaminadas a fomentar la adaptabilidad a través de la resiliencia en estos momentos de crisis global y para el retorno a la normalidad. Abstract. The aim of the research was to analyze the resilient factors, exploring the stressful experiences in the sports context, as well as the adaptation process due to the COVID-19 pandemic in adolescent boxers. A mixed method study with DEXPLIS sequential design was developed in a sample of 36 boxers (78% men and 22% women), with age range between 14 and 18 years (M = 16.14 ± 1.37). From the quantitative approach, the following questionnaires were applied: Resilience Scale in the Sports Context, Perceived Stress Scale, and Inventory of Coping Strategies; Regarding the qualitative approach, an ad hoc interview was applied. Reliability, means, and standard deviation were analyzed, complemented with thematic analysis. The results (Quan-Qual) show moderate level for resilience factors (Personal Competence and Acceptance of Self and Life), highlighting qualities such as self-confidence, persistence, and focus. The perceived stress related to the sport life of the athletes (competitive situation) were located at a moderate level. A tendency to maladaptive coping was identified such as avoidance responses, negative thoughts, and difficulty for emotional self-regulation. While cognitive restructuring was identified at a medium level and emotional expression at a low level with respect to adaptive coping. Finally, they expressed difficulties in coping with the pandemic situation. In conclusion, boxers have psychologically experienced the change in life derived from the pandemic, meaning a challenge for sport psychology that must develop intervention proposals aimed at promoting adaptability through resilience in these moments of global crisis and for the future. return to normal.
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