Sunscreen use has grown significantly in recent years due to its ability to block harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays and reduce skin problems such as sunburn, aging skin, and immunosuppression. This review examines the ingredients in sunscreen and the effects they have. Substances including oxybenzone, avobenzone, homosalate, octisalate, enzacamene, and benzophenone enter the systemic circulation. The discovery of these substances in plasma and urine sparked concerns about their safety and the requirement for additional study into the long-term consequences they produce. The adverse effects of benzophenone, ecamsule, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, methylisothiazolinone, homosalate, octinoxate, aluminum oxide, and cinnamate derivatives such as octyl methoxycinnamate and octocrylene are also covered in this research. The mechanism of action of UV filters, as well as methods for assessing the effectiveness of sunscreens such as the sun protection factor, persistent pigment darkening, and immune protection factor, is elaborated. This literature review will also discuss the safety and effectiveness of the compounds used in sunscreen formulation as well as any potential health risks and toxicities.
Botulinum toxin (Botox) is a neurotoxin drug that is used in a wide range of cosmetic and treatment applications. This literature review provides an overview of the toxin mechanism and its effects. The popularity of toxin usage has been tremendously increasing since it is a minimally invasive procedure. Application of the toxin is primarily utilized for cosmetic purposes, to treat disorders, and as a surgery alternative. The toxin myths such as frozen face have been elaborated, as it is critical to understand the outcomes of the procedure. The toxin is generally considered to be safe, but complications can occur as well, ranging from reactions due to injections to the undesired effects produced by this toxin. Preventive strategies, such as appropriate toxin application techniques, must be considered for safety and prevention. The contraindications to the use of the toxin are also noted in the study.
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