The cone snail Conus pulicarius from the Philippines provides a specific habitat for actinomycetes and other bacteria. A phenotypic screen using primary cultures of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons revealed that one C. pulicarius associate, Streptomyces sp. CP32, produces a series of natural products that enhance or diminish whole-cell Ca 2+ flux. These compounds include known thiazoline compounds and a series of new derivatives, pulicatins A-E (6-10). Individual compounds were shown to bind to a series of human receptors, with selective binding to the human serotonin 5-HT 2B receptor. Here, we report the structure elucidation of the new compounds and results of the neurological assays.Symbiotic bacteria living with animals have been implicated in the synthesis of defensive and other natural products of importance to drug discovery.1 -5 In the marine environment, most studies of symbiont-derived natural products have focused on soft-bodied, benthic invertebrates that are otherwise vulnerable to predation. By contrast, cone snail mollusks are well defended by their shells and their arsenal of extremely diverse, snail-derived peptide toxins that act on channels and receptors.6 We sought to investigate whether this type of well-defended organism would also house symbiotic bacteria involved in the synthesis of allelochemicals, potentially including venom components, antibacterial defenses, and other small-molecule natural products. In addition to investigating this basic question, we reasoned that exploration of an untapped bacterial niche could lead to the discovery of new bioactive natural products.We recently reported that at least some cone snails are associated with diverse actinomycetes and other bacteria, and that extracts of some of these bacteria exhibit neurological activity.7 In order to maximize the discovery of new active bacterial metabolites from these new niches, we applied a broad-scope assay involving primary * Corresponding author. Mailing address: College of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, 307 Skaggs Hall, 30 S. 2000 E., Rm. 201, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5820. Tel: (801) 585-9119. ews1@utah.edu. Supporting Information Available: NMR data for pulicatins A-E (6-10), DRG assay results, application of LIS, 1 H NMR of MTPA esters for compounds 1, 6 and 7, HRESIMS data of compounds 1 and 6-10. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org. NIH Public Access Results and DiscussionExtracts of pilot-scale cultures of strain CP32 were strongly active in the DRG assay, resulting in K + -stimulated Ca 2+ influx. CP32 was fermented in 2.8 L Fernbach flasks for eight days. In an assay-guided procedure, the culture broth was centrifuged and subjected to HP20 adsorption chromatography, followed by C 18 flash chromatography and HPLC to yield compounds 1-10.A known compound, aerugine (1) was isolated as a pale yellow solid.10 , 11 The NMR and low resolution MS data also exactly matched a siderophore compound (1a) isolated from a bacterium associated with a marin...
The "wooden-steps" hypothesis [Distel DL, et al. (2000) 403:725-726] proposed that large chemosynthetic mussels found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents descend from much smaller species associated with sunken wood and other organic deposits, and that the endosymbionts of these progenitors made use of hydrogen sulfide from biogenic sources (e.g., decaying wood) rather than from vent fluids. Here, we show that wood has served not only as a stepping stone between habitats but also as a bridge between heterotrophic and chemoautotrophic symbiosis for the giant mud-boring bivalve This rare and enigmatic species, which achieves the greatest length of any extant bivalve, is the only described member of the wood-boring bivalve family Teredinidae (shipworms) that burrows in marine sediments rather than wood. We show that harbors sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic (thioautotrophic) bacteria instead of the cellulolytic symbionts that allow other shipworm species to consume wood as food. The characteristics of its symbionts, its phylogenetic position within Teredinidae, the reduction of its digestive system by comparison with other family members, and the loss of morphological features associated with wood digestion indicate that is a chemoautotrophic bivalve descended from wood-feeding (xylotrophic) ancestors. This is an example in which a chemoautotrophic endosymbiosis arose by displacement of an ancestral heterotrophic symbiosis and a report of pure culture of a thioautotrophic endosymbiont.
Microcionamides A (1) and B (2) have been isolated from the Philippine marine sponge Clathria (Thalysias) abietina. These new linear peptides are cyclized via a cystine moiety and have their C-terminus blocked by a 2-phenylethylenamine group. Their total structures, including absolute stereochemistry, were determined by a combination of spectral and chemical methods. Compound 1 was shown to slowly isomerize about the C-36/C-37 double bond when stored in DMSO. Microcionamides A (1) and B (2) exhibited significant cytotoxicity against the human breast tumor cells lines MCF-7 and SKBR-3 and displayed inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Ra.
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