Different groups of hydrants or configurations operate simultaneously in on-demand pressurized irrigation systems, generating different flow regimes. The varieties of flow regimes cause a variability in hydrant pressure and consequently an adequate analysis of the hydraulic performance of the system is needed for better operation and adequate management. A reliable performance assessment needs a modern diagnostic analysis in space and time. To this aim, this research assessed the hydraulic performance of an irrigation district distribution network calculating two performance indicators at hydrant level: relative pressure deficit and reliability, and integrated the outputs in a geographic information system environment providing a framework for a decision support system (DSS). The user friendly interface provides detailed, attainable and interpretable information to address the present scenario as well as the future development of the system, and facilitates the cooperation among researchers, managers, and manufacturers to improve operation, maintenance, and management activities.
Reclamation of saline sodic soils is a main problem at most of arid lands. Improving soil properties with waste materials has been investigated earlier but the effect of these materials on saline sodic soils is not fully known. A fly ash and sewage sludge mixture was applied to saline sodic soils with the intention of soil reclamation and eco-friendly waste recycling. Fly ash and sewage sludge mixtures were applied at a ratio of 1:1 to soils with three different levels of electrical conductivity (EC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) (soil I: 4.27 dS m À1 , 6.09%; soil II: 73.20 dS m À1 , 51.03%; soil III: 38.2 dS m À1 , 86.2%) at 3 different doses, that is, 40, 80, and 120 t ha À1 . Saturated hydraulic conductivity and porosity generally increased in all the soils tested, whereas bulk density and pH decreased. ESP and EC values of the amended layers decreased considerably with the application of increasing doses of waste material. These results indicate that when properly applied, two industrial residues, sewage sludge and fly ash, that are associated with a negative environmental impact, can be recycled allowing for the cheap reclamation of barren saline sodic soil.
This article is part of the special series "Improving Water Security in Africa." The work is the culmination of 7 Horizon 2020 projects focused on the environmental and social challenges of improving water security in African countries.
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