Despite the great potential of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in various areas of biomedicine, concerns regarding their carcinogenicity, inefficient dispersion in aqueous solutions and biological activity in vivo still remain. One important and feasible route to overcome these barriers is modification of CNTs with polymers, which are widely studied and play a vital role in biological and biomedical fields, especially in drug delivery. This comprehensive review focuses on the achievements of our and other groups in currently used methods to functionalize the surface of CNTs with polymers to produce anticancer drug delivery systems. We have intensively studied covalent and noncovalent interactions between CNTs and linear, dendritic and hyperbranched biocompatible polymers as well as biomacromolecules interactions which are very crucial to diminish the toxicity of CNTs via changing their conformations.

A novel superabsorbent composite based on sodium alginate and the inorganic clay kaolin was synthesized via the graft copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) in an aqueous medium with methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinking agent and ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. The effects of reaction variables, such as the MBA, AA, and APS concentrations and the alginate/kaolin weight ratio, on the water absorbency of the composite were systematically optimized. Evidence of grafting and kaolin interactions was obtained by a comparison of the Fourier transform infrared spectra of the initial substrates with that of the superabsorbent composite, and the hydrogel structure was confirmed with scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that with an increasing alginate/kaolin weight ratio, the swelling capacity and gel content increased. The effects of various salt media were also studied, along with the swelling kinetics.

The development of highly sensitive and rapid biosensing tools targeted to the highly contagious virus SARS-CoV-2 is critical to tackling the COVID-19 pandemic. Quantum sensors can play an important role because of their superior sensitivity and fast improvements in recent years. Here we propose a molecular transducer designed for nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in nanodiamonds, translating the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA into an unambiguous magnetic noise signal that can be optically read out. We evaluate the performance of the hybrid sensor, including its sensitivity and false negative rate, and compare it to widespread diagnostic methods. The proposed method is fast and promises to reach a sensitivity down to a few hundreds of RNA copies with false negative rate less than 1%. The proposed hybrid sensor can be further implemented with different solid-state defects and substrates, generalized to diagnose other RNA viruses, and integrated with CRISPR technology.

Magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2 starch‐graft‐poly(acrylic acid) (SPAA) nanocomposite hydrogels were prepared and used as absorbents for removal of crystal violet from aqueous solutions. Dynamic swelling, effect of contact time, absorption kinetics and nanocomposite hydrogel mass for removal of crystal violet dyes from aqueous solutions were studied. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer measurements were used for the characterization of the nanocomposite hydrogels. The nanocomposite hydrogels had high magnetic sensitivity under an external magnetic field, which allowed their magnetic separation from water, thus avoiding secondary pollution. The results obtained are very promising since: (i) high levels of colour removal (>85%) were achieved with low magnetic SPAA nanocomposite mass and (ii) the magnetic SPAA nanocomposites can be successfully used several times as absorbents of crystal violet in aqueous solution without needing filtration. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry

Hydrogels of poly(acrylic acid) grafted onto salep with excellent water absorption and water retention abilities under neutral conditions were successfully synthesized for the first time and employed for different applications. The effect of reaction variables to achieve maximum swelling capacity was investigated. In our procedure, ammonium persulfate (APS) as a water‐soluble initiator and methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a suitable crosslinking agent were used and the best synthesis conditions described. The structure of the final product was confirmed by Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy SEM and TGA analysis and a mechanism for superabsorbent hydrogel formation was also suggested. The study of the surface morphology of hydrogels using SEM showed a highly nanoporous and cellular structure for the sample obtained under optimized condition. Furthermore, several factors which influence the water uptake of hydrogels, such as pH of water, sensitivity to salt solutions and solvent mixtures were examined.

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Primary/secondary covalent/non-covalent interactions between dendritic polymers and nanomaterials can change the physicochemical properties, such as shape, of the obtained hybrid nanomaterials.

Nowadays, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted the attention of scientists because of their unique electronic, magnetic, optical, mechanical, and chemical properties. However, their poor solubility in solvents, especially in water, limits their applications in several promising fields such as biomedicine, biomedical imaging, and cancer therapy. The attachment of hydrophilic segments to CNTs is a very efficient method for overcoming this problem. This review covers the latest advances in the synthesis of water-soluble CNTs with an emphasis on the molecular structure of various categories of hydrophilic molecules/macromolecules which have been grafted onto the surface of CNTs. Indeed, from the viewpoint of chemical synthesis, covalent bonding of several water-soluble molecules/macromolecules including small water-soluble organic molecules, linear, hyperbranched and dendritic polymers/biopolymers, glycoconjugate molecules/polymers as well as biomolecules onto the surface of CNTs has been deeply surveyed. Moreover, the most recent and interesting bio-applications of polymer-functionalized water-soluble CNTs have been properly reviewed.