This report describes the implementation and results of a field demonstration wherein residential electric water heaters and thermostats, commercial building space conditioning, municipal water pump loads, and several distributed generators were coordinated to manage constrained feeder electrical distribution through the two-way communication of load status and electric price signals. The field demonstration took place in Washington and Oregon and was paid for by the U.S. Department of Energy and several northwest utilities. Price is found to be an effective control signal for managing transmission or distribution congestion. Real-time signals at 5-minute intervals are shown to shift controlled load in time. The behaviors of customers and their responses under fixed, time-of-use, and real-time price contracts are compared. Peak loads are effectively reduced on the experimental feeder. A novel application of portfolio theory is applied to the selection of an optimal mix of customer contract types. v Executive SummaryPacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) led a field demonstration of smart grid technologies for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the Pacific Northwest GridWise™ Testbed. The latter is a group composed of several northwest regional utilities, the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), and PNNL. The overall field demonstration was known as the Pacific Northwest GridWise Testbed Demonstration, composed of two principal projects. This report describes one of these, the Olympic Peninsula Project. The second project, called the Grid Friendly™ Appliance Project, is discussed separately in a companion report. Purpose and ObjectivesThe purpose of the Olympic Peninsula Project was to create and observe a futuristic energy-pricing experiment that illustrates several values of grid transformation that align with the GridWise concept. The central principle of the GridWise concept is that inserting intelligence into electric-grid components at the end-use, distribution, transmission and generation levels will significantly improve both the electrical and economic efficiencies within the electric power system. Specifically, this project, tested whether automated two-way communication between the grid and distributed resources will enable resources to be dispatched based on the energy and demand price signals that they receive. In this manner, conventionally passive loads and idle distributed generators can be transformed into elements of a diverse system of grid resources that provide near real-time active grid control and a broad range of economic benefits. Foremost, the project controlled these resources to successfully manage the power flowing through a constrained feeder-distribution circuit for the duration of the project. In other words, the project tested whether it was possible to decrease the stress on the distribution system at times of peak demand by more actively engaging typically passive resources-end use loads and idle distributed generation.The immediate objectives of the project...
This report has been written for the Department of Energy's Energy Policy and Systems Analysis Office to inform their writing of the Quadrennial Energy Review in the area of energy resilience. The topics of measuring and increasing energy resilience are addressed, including definitions, means of measuring, and analytic methodologies that can be used to make decisions for policy, infrastructure planning, and operations. A risk-based framework is presented which provides a standard definition of a resilience metric. Additionally, a process is identified which explains how the metrics can be applied. Research and development is articulated that will further accelerate the resilience of energy infrastructures.
Advances in information technology, ubiquitous communications, and distributed generation and storage reveal new opportunities for the participation of demand-side resources in balancing the physical and economic operation of electric power systems. To better understand the potential impact of this participation, accurate, detailed energy resource models are necessary at the distribution feeder level. This presentation describes a detailed approach to residential energy resource modeling that preserves the individual characteristics of major residential appliances and human behavior patterns so that their contribution to energy efficiency schemes and intelligent demand curtailment algorithms is properly portrayed. These models are derived from previous analyses of residential and commercial building systems supported by data collected from the End-Use Load and Consumer Assessment Program (ELCAP) undertaken by the Bonneville Power Administration from 1983 to 1990. Preliminary results of using these models in distribution system simulations indicate that non-obvious, complex behavior patterns can emerge when consumers are confronted with varying price signals.
This white paper focuses on "advanced microgrids," but sections do, out of necessity, reference today's commercially available systems and installations in order to clearly distinguish the differences and advances. Advanced microgrids have been identified as being a necessary part of the modern electrical grid through a two DOE microgrid workshops, 1 ' 2 the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 3 Smart Grid Interoperability Panel and other related sources. With their grid-interconnectivity advantages, advanced microgrids will improve system 4 energy efficiency and reliability and provide enabling technologies for grid-independence to end-user sites. One popular definition that has been evolved and is used in multiple references is that a microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed-energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode. Further, an advanced microgrid can then be loosely defined as a dynamic microgrid. The value of microgrids to protect the nation's electrical grid from power outages is becoming increasingly important in the face of the increased frequency and intensity of events caused by severe weather. Advanced microgrids will serve to mitigate power
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