SummaryBackground There is a dearth of information on the precise pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), but immune dysregulation is implicated. Objectives To determine the nature of the immune response in HS. Methods Skin biopsies -lesional, perilesional (2 cm away) and uninvolved (10 cm away) -were obtained from patients with HS and healthy controls. The expression of various cytokines was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results The expression of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-17, IL-1b and tumour necrosis factor-a was enhanced in lesional skin of patients with HS. In addition, IL17A and IL1B mRNA were enhanced in clinically normal perilesional skin. CD4 + T cells produced IL-17 in HS, while CD11c + CD1a À CD14

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Macroalgae, commonly known as seaweed, offer a novel and added-value dietary ingredient in formulated diets for fish. Production of biomass can be achieved without reliance on expensive arable land, as seaweed may be collected from coastal regions or farmed. There are three taxonomic groups represented by the term 'macroalgae': Rhodophyta (red), Chlorophyta (green) and Phaeophyta (brown). Like terrestrial plants, nutritional content in macroalgae can vary greatly amongst species, genera, divisions, seasons and locations. Aside from their basic nutritional value, seaweeds contain a number of pigments, defensive and storage compounds, and secondary metabolites that could have beneficial effects on farmed fish. This review appraises the beneficial qualities of these macroalgae compounds and their potential for exploitation in commercial finfish feeds. The current knowledge of the effects of macroalgae inclusion in finfish diets is also addressed. From these >50 fish feeding studies that were analysed, enhancing trends in fish growth, physiology, stress resistance, immune system and fillet muscle quality were reported. However, only a small fraction of algal species have so far been investigated as potential components in finfish diets, and furthermore, this review has identified a number of knowledge gaps that current research has yet to address. To conclude, an appraisal is made of the possible technologies employed to exploit seaweeds to an industrial level through stabilising the algal meal, enhancing the digestibility and functional food properties.

This study examines the potential of next-generation sequencing based ‘genotyping-by-sequencing’ (GBS) of microsatellite loci for rapid and cost-effective genotyping in large-scale population genetic studies. The recovery of individual genotypes from large sequence pools was achieved by PCR-incorporated combinatorial barcoding using universal primers. Three experimental conditions were employed to explore the possibility of using this approach with existing and novel multiplex marker panels and weighted amplicon mixture. The GBS approach was validated against microsatellite data generated by capillary electrophoresis. GBS allows access to the underlying nucleotide sequences that can reveal homoplasy, even in large datasets and facilitates cross laboratory transfer. GBS of microsatellites, using individual combinatorial barcoding, is potentially faster and cheaper than current microsatellite approaches and offers better and more data.