Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal, late-onset neurodegenerative disease primarily impacting motor neurons. A unifying feature of many proteins associated with ALS, including TDP-43 and Ataxin-2, is that they localize to stress granules. Unexpectedly, we found that genes that modulate stress granules are striking modifiers of TDP-43 toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Drosophila melanogaster, eIF2α phosphorylation is upregulated by TDP-43 toxicity in flies, and TDP-43 interacts with a central stress granule component polyA binding protein (PABP). In human ALS spinal cord neurons, PABP accumulates abnormally, suggesting that prolonged stress granule dysfunction may contribute to pathogenesis. We investigated the efficacy of a small molecule inhibitor of eIF2α-phosphorylation in ALS models. This treatment mitigated TDP-43 toxicity in flies and mammalian neurons. These findings indicate that dysfunction induced by prolonged stress granule formation may contribute directly to ALS and that compounds that mitigate this process may represent a novel therapeutic approach.

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Highlights d Cells starve for cholesterol and iron under lysosomal dysfunction d Upon increased lysosomal pH, only iron addition enables cell proliferation d Iron does not restore lysosomal pH-related catabolic and signaling functions d Iron reverses other cellular processes related to depleted cellular iron

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ARGONAUTE1 (AGO1) mediates microRNA- and small interfering RNA-directed posttranscriptional gene silencing in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutant alleles of SQUINT (SQN) slightly reduce AGO1 activity and have weak effects on shoot morphology. A screen for mutations that suppress the sqn phenotype produced loss-of-function mutations in the F-box gene FBW2. Mutations in FBW2 not only suppress sqn but also suppress many of the developmental phenotypes of weak, but not null, alleles of AGO1 by increasing AGO1 protein levels. Conversely, over-expression of FBW2 decreases the abundance of the AGO1 protein but not AGO1 messenger RNA, further indicating that FBW2 regulates AGO1 protein levels. fbw2 mutants have no obvious morphological phenotype, but display a reduced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) that can be attributed to increased AGO1 activity. Our results indicate that FBW2 is a novel negative regulator of AGO1 and suggest that it plays a role in ABA signalling and/or response.

Glutathione (GSH) is a small molecule thiol abundantly present in all eukaryotes with key roles in oxidative metabolism. Mitochondria, as the major site of oxidative reactions, must maintain sufficient levels of GSH to perform protective and biosynthetic functions. GSH is exclusively synthesized in the cytosol, yet the molecular machinery involved in mitochondrial GSH import remain elusive. Here, using organellar proteomics and metabolomics approaches, we identify SLC25A39, a mitochondrial membrane carrier of unknown function, to regulate GSH transport into mitochondria. SLC25A39 loss reduces mitochondrial GSH import and abundance without impacting whole cell GSH levels. Cells lacking both SLC25A39 and its paralog SLC25A40 exhibit defects in the activity and stability of iron-sulfur cluster containing proteins. Moreover, mitochondrial GSH import is necessary for cell proliferation in vitro and red blood cell development in mice. Remarkably, the heterologous expression of an engineered bifunctional bacterial GSH biosynthetic enzyme (GshF) in mitochondria enabled mitochondrial GSH production and ameliorated the metabolic and proliferative defects caused by its depletion. Finally, GSH availability negatively regulates SLC25A39 protein abundance, coupling redox homeostasis to mitochondrial GSH import in mammalian cells. Our work identifies SLC25A39 as an essential and regulated component of the mitochondrial GSH import machinery.

Highlights d Neuronally enriched RUFY3 is cleaved during caspasemediated axon degeneration d RUFY3 functions downstream of or in parallel to caspase-3 in axon degeneration d RUFY3 dephosphorylation upon trophic deprivation appears required for degeneration d RUFY3 knockout causes reduced neuronal cell death and sensory axon misprojections

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