Because sound waves are such an abstract concept in physics, hands-on activities are often recommended to improve students’ understanding and strengthen their knowledge. However, most schools do not have sufficiently sophisticated measuring instruments to perform sound wave experiments. Recently, researchers used smartphones as oscilloscopes, signal generators, and spectrum analyzers for sound wave experiments. Here we provide a complement to these ideas, developing an affordable smartphone-based sound wave experiment kit to visualize the harmonic series in resonant tubes. It is based on Kundt’s tube, which was originally used to determine the mechanical properties of unknown metal rods and acoustical properties of gases. We also use it to demonstrate the difference in particles’ distribution in harmonic series in both-closed-end, one-closed-end, and both-open-end tubes.
Polarization is the property of electromagnetic waves that describes the orientation of their field oscillation. Students face hard problem to visualize the important of the polarization in daily life. In common practice, students are taught with the help of sketch diagram. In this project, we describe both quantitative and qualitative ways of experimenting polarization using very low cost and easily available material: polarized sunglasses, PVC tubes, light-dependent resistors, LED, etc. With this set, the experiment of the Malus's Law verification of light polarization can be done without the need of expensive optical detector for quantitative measurement. Students will develop their own simple optical sensor if the set is developed as a project. This set of experiment integrates the concept of basic electricity. Therefore, students acquires the practical knowledge of electricity and optics in the easy way.
In this study we constructed a special three-in-one resonance tube for a harmonic series sound waves experiment. It is designed for three different experiments: both-open-end, one-closed-end and both-closed-end tubes. The resonance tube consists of a PVC conduit with a rectangular hole, rubber tube, plastic stopper with an embedded microphone and a plastic stopper. The resonance tube is utilized with visual analyser freeware to detect, display and measure the resonance frequencies for each harmonic series. The speeds of sound in air, v, are determined from the gradient of the + L e 2( iopscience.org/ped
In this study, we determined the length correction of the Malaysia pan flute using the harmonic series experiments. The Malaysia pan flute is made from bamboo and consists of eight different bore lengths; 15.50 cm, 13.50 cm, 12.00 cm, 10.30 cm, 9.00 cm, 7.60 cm, 6.50 cm and 5.20 cm. It is categorized as a one-closed-end resonance tube since it is sealed at both ends but has a fipple opening. The length correction of the Malaysia pan flute occurs at its fipple opening as the vibrating air is extended past to it. The length corrections for each flute are determined from the slope of nv 4 versus f n graphs as their diameters are slightly different from each other. The experimental values of length correction from the harmonic series experiments are compared with the theoretical values to verify the compatibility of harmonic series experiments in determining the length correction of the Malaysia pan flute. The length corrections from the harmonic series experiments are less than 5.00% compared with the theoretical values, thus indicating that the harmonic series experiments can be used to determine the length correction of the Malaysia pan flute.
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