Background The prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents has increased with the rising obesity epidemic. Recent studies have found that prevalence of hypertension was higher in obese children or adolescents than in the normal weight ones. Anthropometric measurements such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and skinfold thickness have been used as criteria to determine obesity in children and adolescents. Increased waist circumference has been most closely related to increased blood pressure. Objective To compare waist circumference, BMI, and skinfold thickness as potential risk factors for hypertension in adolescents. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in May 2014 in three senior high schools in Medan, North Sumatera, and included 253 students with normal urinalysis test. All subjects underwent blood pressure, waist circumference, tricep- and subscapular-skinfold thickness (TST and SST), body weight, and body height measurements. The study population was categorized into underweight, normoweight, overweight, and obese, according to four different criteria: waist circumference, BMI, TST, and SST; all variables were analyzed for possible correlations with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Results There were significant positive correlations between systolic blood pressure and waist circumference (OR 7.933; 95%CI 2.20 to 28.65; P=0.011) as well as BMI (OR 4.137; 95%CI 1.16 to 14.75; P=0.041). There were also significant correlations between diastolic blood pressure and waist circumference (OR 3.17; 95%CI 1.83 to 5.51; P=0.002), BMI (P=0.0001; OR=3.69), TST (OR 4.73; 95%CI 2.31 to 9.69; P=0.0001), and SST (OR 3.74; 95%CI 2.35 to 5.94; P=0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that waist circumference was a predictive factor for systolic blood pressure (OR 9.667), but not for diastolic blood pressure. Conclusion Waist circumference is the strongest, significant, predictive factor for elevated systolic blood pressure; meanwhile BMI, SST, and TST could be predictive factors for elevated diastolic blood pressure.
One very important element in agriculture is water. The availability of water must be guaranteed so that plants can grow throughout the year. The lack of water availability means that crops cannot be produced throughout the year, causing farmers to become inadequate. Engineering irrigation is one of the systems that can regulate water availability throughout the year, but not all regions in Indonesia have such irrigation. Sambirejo Village is one of the villages in Langkat Regency which still utilizes a rainfed irrigation system. The main problem from Sambirejo Village, especially the Karya Tani Farmer Group, which is a service partner, is the unavailability of water to irrigate rice fields during the dry season. This unavailability of water causes a reduction in the productivity of farmers who are supposed to harvest three times to only twice a year. Through community service activities carried out the construction of borehole irrigation in Sembirejo Village. This method utilizes ground water as a source of water supply during the dry season. Drilled well irrigation can be enjoyed directly by farmers in the vicinity of the service area, and in the dry season the water needs for plants are available.
Many studies have been conducting in providing urban floods solutions to reduce runoff water in various ways. In developing urban areas equipped with drainage systems, where the channel has full capacity and flooding in some urban areas. One of the problems that can be identified is the condition where drainage has a peak flow load at the same hour leading to the same meeting point, outlet, or discharge, resulting in an increase of peak flow. This paper give an approach to how to integrate the runoff capacity of flow from minor drainage to mayor drainage for anticipating a peak flow in a particular area. The most important result was when high rainfall intensity started in the first hour, it should be no obstacles until the flow from minor drainage flow through the outlet towards major drainage, in the four hours after rainfall, peak flow happens to flow through study area. In the analysis, it is known that the peak flood discharge period of 5-yr and 10-yr returns is one hour after the rainfall. Therefore this will not happen when the flow from the drainage outlet has a travel time of under one hour or after 3 hours after rainfall.
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