Background: Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is the most common bacteria species in persistent endodontic infection of teeth undergoing root canal treatment at a prevalence of 38%. The virulence factor of this bacterium is Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) which can be recognized by Toll-like receptors-4 (TLR-4) that produce a stimulus and provoke an immune response. Inflammation results in bone defects that feature multiple cytokines and interactions between different cell types. Bone loss within a periapical tooth is characterized by osteoclast formation (osteoclastogenesis) in the bone. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the expression of nuclear factor of activated T cell c1 (NFATc1) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa β (RANK) which played a role in osteoclastogenesis at different time intervals. Methods: 36 upper molar teeth of the research subjects were induced with 106 CFU Enterococcus faecalis and subsequently observed for 7 and 21 days with the NFATc1 and RANK being counted microscopically at 1000X magnification across 20 viewing fields. Thereafter, the data was examined and analyzed by means of an independent T test using SPSS. Results: NFATc1 and RANK expression were higher in the group including E. faecalis on days 7 and 21 than in the control group. There were significant differences between the treatment group and control group with regard to NFATc1 and RANK expression (p<0.05). Conclusion: The study showed that the expression of NFATc1 and RANK, which plays a role in osteoclastogenesis, was higher in periapical bone defects in Wistar rats induced by E. faecalis than those which were not induced.
<p class="00-6Abstrak2Wtz">Monitor lizards have various body sizes, belong to the Varanidae and it is reported that there were various kinds of pathogenic organisms in their bodies. This review aims to describe various information on pathogenic organisms and their potential as zoonotic diseases and can be used as a reference in the prevention of zoonotic diseases originating from Varanidae. The results of this review discuss two types of viruses, three types of bacteria, five types of protozoa, two types of arthropods, and seven types of endoparasites that are pathogenic in Varanidae. Based on this information it is known that potentially zoonotic pathogens include bacteria group is <em>Salmonella </em>spp. and <em>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</em>; groups of protozoa was <em>Giardia </em>sp<em>p</em>. and <em>Cryptosporidium </em>sp.; Arthropod group namely <em>Amblyomma </em>sp<em>.</em> which carries the bacteria <em>Rickettsia </em>sp<em>.</em>, <em>Borrelia </em>spp<em>.</em> and <em>Anaplasma </em>spp<em>.</em> and the endoparasite group consisting of <em>Ascaris </em>sp<em>.</em>, <em>Strongyloides </em>sp<em>.</em>, Pentastomida, and <em>Angiostrongylus cantonensis</em>, while for the virus group, there were no pathogenic organisms with zoonotic potential. The extensive use of Varanidae by humans as exotic pets, as well as for consumption and medicine has great potential in the transmission of zoonotic diseases. Those are possible because the varanids non-aseptically environment. The proper handling and maintenance of monitor lizards are necessary to prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases. Unhygienic and less aseptic way of handling food products of animal origin can lead to the potential for transmission of pathogenic organisms (foodborne disease). Efforts to prevent the transmission of foodborne diseases can apply Good Hygienic Practices (GHP) with the process of cooking reptile meat for consumption. Besides, disease transmission can be prevented by implementing the One Health concept.</p>
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