Coagulase-negative staphylococci are the commonest cause of late-onset sepsis of babies in neonatal units. There were no major regional differences in the incidence of, or the organisms causing, late sepsis.
Eb 2010 AbstractThe role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors 1 and 2 (flt and flk) have been identified in mammalian lung development but there are few studies concerning their role in avian lung. The objective of this study was to determine whether VEGF, flt and flk are expressed in the developing avian lung between stages 20 to 40.Sections, 4 micrometers thick from 4% paraformaldehyde‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded embryonic lung buds and were immunolocalized for the growth factors using standard avidin‐biotin peroxidase immunohistochemical techniques. Mouse kidney and lung were used as positive control tissues.Positive staining for VEGF presented as diffuse cytoplasmic staining which was first observed at stage 27 with the intensity increasing towards stage 40. Staining for flt and flk were however less intense than that of VEGF. We concluded that VEGF, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 may play significant roles in avian lung development.Grant Funding Source: Faculty Research Grant
Background: Immunotherapies targeted against PD-L1 and PD-1 have caused a paradigm shift in the treatment of NSCLC, and PD-L1 protein expression has emerged as a standard diagnostic biomarker that predicts which patients are more likely to respond to immunotherapy. However, the use of PD-L1 protein expression as a biomarker is complicated by differences in PD-L1 antibodies, immunohistochemistry methods and platforms, pathologist scoring, and positivity cut-points. We propose that using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) methodologies will be an equally reliable approach to determine PD-L1 expression within a tumour and will yield a greater depth of biomarker information than PD-L1 IHC alone. Method: We performed quantitative immunohistochemistry (qIHC) on 262 resected stage I-III formalin-fixed paraffinembedded (FFPE) NSCLC patient samples registered in the Glans-Look Lung Cancer Research (GLR) database using the commercially available E1L3N PD-L1 antibody (Cell Signalling Technologies). Staining intensity was quantified and used to establish a positivity threshold that was subsequently used to define positivity cut-points of <1%, 1%-49%, and >50% (as used for determining treatment eligibility for Pembrolizumab). We performed single-end RNA-sequencing on FFPE samples from the same GLR patient cohort. Raw counts were normalized to counts-per-million for use in our analyses. Result: We compared the PD-L1 mRNA expression to the PD-L1 protein staining intensity across the tissue core and found a significant correlation (p<0.001, Spearman's rho¼0.538). We also found significant correlation between PD-L1 mRNA expression and the percent-positivity score determined by qIHC (p<0.001, Spearman's rho¼0.605), which was particularly apparent when comparing PD-L1 mRNA expression between cut-point groups where expression was significantly higher in the 1%-49% and >50% groups. Interestingly, we also found moderate, yet significant correlation between PD-1 mRNA expression and both PD-L1 protein staining intensity and percent positivity (p<0.001, Spearman's rho¼0.437 and 0.415 respectively), and we were able to identify several differentially expressed genes between the PD-L1 positive and negative groups. Conclusion: Given the high degree of correlation between PD-L1 mRNA expression and PD-L1 protein staining and positivity, RNA-seq can be a viable option for assessing candidacy for immunotherapy. In addition to the wealth of supplementary data on important biomarkers, RNA-seq offers the possibility for using non-invasive procedures such as liquid biopsy to measure PD-L1 levels in a sequential, objective fashion.
This is a seven (7) years retrospective study of all cases of congenital anomalies that presented at the Jos University Teaching Hospital from January 1998 to December 2005. A total of 200 cases were seen at the Special Care Baby Unit (SCBU) of the Paediatrics Department of the hospital.The results were as follows: anomalies of the gastrointestinal system had the highest incidence (30.5%), central nervous system abnormalities, 24.5%, skeletal system anomalies, 8.0%, cardiovascular system anomalies, 7.5%, chromosomal anomalies, 7.5,urogenital system anomalies, 5.0%, cutaneus system anomalies, 2.0% and metabolic disorders, 1.5%. 13.5% of cases presented with multiple anomalies.
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