Aim: To ascertain scientifically by proximate analysis, the nutrient composition and mineral contents of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana. Study Design: Completely randomized sample design (CRD) was engaged in the study with 15 parameters replicated five (5) times, totaling seventy five experimental samples. The whole experiments were repeated in three trials. Place and Duration of Study: Postgraduate laboratory, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria between September 2019 and February 2020. Methodology: The nutrient composition and mineral profile of the cockroaches were ascertained using randomly selected cockroach sample while adopting standard procedures of AOAC, (1990, 2005).Statistical analysis and significant difference tested at alpha level p≤ 0.05 was done using Turkey HSD test for difference between mean while results were presented in tables. The software used was SPSS version 20. Results: The results for proximate analysis of nutrients found in P. americana are given as follows: moisture content: 12.42±1.6%, Crude ash: 3.52±0.8%, crude protein: 8.72±1.3%, crude fat: 17.64±1.9%, fibre: 21.28±2.1%, Carbohydrate (dry method): 87.56±4.2% and Carbohydrate (free nitrogen extract): 48.76±3.1%. Furthermore, P. americana was proven rich in both micro and macro minerals in very high to low concentrations such as:calcium (468.00±9.7mg/100g), magnesium (362.00±8.5mg/100g), iron (274.60±7.4mg/100g), potassium (242.5±7.0 mg/100g), phosphorus (128.76±5.1mg/100g), sodium (110.68±4.7mg/100g), manganese (12.63±1.6mg/ 100g), copper (7.54±1.2mg/100g) and zinc (4.74±1.0mg/100g). All results were calculated as mean percentages of five experimental evaluations. Conclusion: Cockroaches are omnivores and feed on rotten vegetables, waste products from industries such as brewer’s yeast, leftover bread, brewer’s spent grains and several other food materials, hence they are very well efficient at turning plant based feed into animal protein. This makes them efficient projectors for addressing the problem of shortage of animal proteins thereby fulfilling the food security goal of sustainable development.
Bio-pesticides are biological derived agents that are usually applied in a manner similar to synthetic pesticides but achieve pest management in an environmental friendly way. Bioinsecticides have the advantages of been reportedly eco-friendly both to man and the environment, are target specific, lack problem of residue, least persistent in environment, locally available, easily processed and inexpensive, though with the limitation of requiring repeated applications for the achievement of optimal control of insect pests while enhancing crop protection. The mode of action of bioinsecticides on insects includes repellent action, antifeedant activity, oviposition deterrent properties, growth and development inhibition, toxicity, attractants, sterility and death. Hence, bioinsecticides can be included in integrated pest management programs for crop protection and insect pest control. The review on biopesticidal properties of some plant secondary metabolites in the leaves, stems, bark, fruits, flowers, cloves, rhizomes, grains and seeds of plants and their interference with the growth, feeding, reproduction of insect pestsfor pest management has been elaborated.
Bioefficacy of Extracts of Ocimum Gratissimum Leaves on Dry Wood Termites Cryptotermes Brevis (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) 1. Introduction Cryptotermes brevis is the dry wood termite belonging to the order Isoptera, class rhinotermitidae, family kalotermitidae and genus Cryptotermes and commonly called the powder post termite. It is the most widely and frequently introduced termite in the world. It is an invasive and widespread pest species Edward & Mill, (1986) known to be ubiquitous on wooded structure where they commonly infest. C. brevis are social insects living entirely within the infested wood chamber and obtain water and absorbed from wood fibers and by metabolic processes. The specie has cylindrical, stud phragnotic head and short mandibles adapted for mandibulate feeding (biting and chewing wood). It also has shorter legs, are slow moving, have well developed tarsal claws for gripping surfaces, moniliform (beadlike) antenna and blindness except in the reproductive caste. This specie of termite undergoes holometabolous metamorphosis exhibiting all developmental life stages of egg, larva, pupa and adult (Thorne, 1999). Dry wood termites are structural destructive insect pests found around buildings (inside and outside) where they make line marks or tunnels upwards into the ceiling/roof causing serious damage and destruction to rafters. They are also found infesting dry tree trunks and logs of wood abandoned in the open. Structure-infesting drywood termites are heat tolerant and can survive extreme temperature (Scheffrahn, 1997b). They attack household items like clothings, books, rugs and other valuables Okunade, (2004) especially raffia knitted mats, purses, files, caps and bags. They are also pests of wood and wood products such as felled timbers and their products, structural timbers, furniture, fabrics, storage structures and other wood work articles which are completely devastated by these beetles tough they were originally highly priced Lale, (2002). According to Termite web (2009), C. brevis infest household furniture such as wooden frames, beams, roofing sheets/ceilings, and roofs of buildings, hence are adapted to human habitation where they build galleries (tunnels) on these wooden surfaces thus residing as a colony and blocking the entrance against intruders thereby completely destroying the wood and wooden structures in homes and leaving their frass as the destruction continues. C. brevis control cost in the United States of America is estimated to range between 120-300 million dollars annually with the greatest losses occurring in California peninsula, Florida and Hawaii and untold amount World Wide (Scheffrahn et al., 1997a, 1998, Invasive Species, 2013). Huge amounts of money are continuously spent by Government of countries, private individuals, corporate bodies and other organizations aimed at controlling the incidence of C. brevisinfestation using control methods chemicals (insecticides), acoustic emissions detection, microwave, xray, infrared metabolic gas and canine detection Scheffrahn...
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