An infection that can be acquired in the hospital or other clinical settings is known as a health care associated infection. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. It is also one of the factors that contribute to the rising cost of hospital care. According to the CDC, around 1.7 million health care associated infections occur globally each year, which contributes to around 99,000 deaths. Some of these infections are surgical site infections, bloodstream infections, and urinary tract infections. Healthcare related infection can include uncomfortable urination, fever, vomiting, breathing difficulties, skin redness, and discharge from surgical sites. These diseases are transmitted by a variety of means, including damaged skin, mucous membranes, and respiratory pathways. Microbial agents like viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi, environmental factors like crowded conditions, patient factors like age, immune status, underlying disease, and diagnostic procedures like endoscopy, catheterization, mechanical ventilation, as well as other surgical procedures, are among the risk factors that predispose one to health care associated infection. Utilizing the relevant specimens, these infections can be identified in the laboratory utilizing microscopy, culture, and serological based tests. Personal hygiene, frequent hand washing, sterilization, disinfection, and proper waste disposal can all help avoid illnesses that are related to healthcare. It is thought that hospital-acquired infections can be controlled and mostly eliminated if they are dealt with methodically and properly, making hospitals safer and more efficient.
Effective diagnostic methods must continue to be developed due to the effects of malaria on world health. Malaria is an infectious disease spread by mosquitoes that affects both people and other animals. It is the product of Plasmodium parasites, which are transmitted through bites from infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Other sporozoan species responsible for malaria infections include the sporozoan parasites Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malaria, and Plasmodium knowlesi. Routine diagnosis of malaria is impeded in areas where the disease is endemic by technical and infrastructure issues with laboratories. Prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential since good disease management is one of the primary actions of the Global Malaria Control Strategy. Accurate malaria detection is also crucial in order to inform malaria control efforts through epidemiologic screening and surveillance, for research reasons to evaluate the effectiveness of antimalarial medications and vaccines, and for blood bank screening. This study's main goal is to show some of the new and effective ways to diagnose malaria that go beyond the gold standard, light microscopy, which has some problems.
Carbon-based soot, a black particulate material, is produced when fossil fuels burn partially. Soot is seen as an unwelcome byproduct that results from the insufficient combustion of carbon-containing compounds. The environment is affected by the deposition of soot in water, air and soil. These environmental components serves as a means of exposure to man although, the effect of water and soil exposure are poorly studied. This reviewed has also shown that three pathological conditions may occur as a result of soot exposure; they include- respiratory disorder, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) was reported as carcinogenic substance in soot that causes cancer. Direct contact-mediated lung cell failure and immune response involvement that results in cellular proliferation and fibrosis have been proposed as the mechanisms underlying respiratory illness. Inflammation of myocardiac tissues was considered the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in soot exposure individuals. Treatment options were based on the mechanism of soot pathology. Based on existing literatures, this review has demonstrated that soot polluted environment can lead to cancer, cardiovascular disease and respiratory disorder.
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