Drug resistance leads to chemotherapy failure and is responsible for the death of a great majority of patients with metastatic, late-stage ovarian cancer. The present study addressed whether changes in the chemotherapy dosing schedule affect the development, further worsening, or circumvention of drug resistance in chemosensitive and chemoresistant ovarian cancer. Severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing HeyA8 and HeyA8-MDR xenografts were treated with docetaxel intermittently (1Â/wk or 3Â/wk) or continuously for 21 days. Tumor mRNA expression of genes implicated in docetaxel resistance was measured by quantitative real-time-PCR. Analyzed genes included those encoding for the drug efflux transporters mdr1 and mrp7 and for molecules that interfere with or overcome the effects of docetaxel, including b-tubulinIII, actinin4, stathmin1, bcl2, rpn2, thoredoxin, and akt2. In both models, continuous docetaxel resulted in greater antitumor efficacy than 1Â/wk or 3Â/wk dosing and did not induce upregulation of any analyzed genes. Once weekly dosing caused upregulation of various drug resistance-related genes, especially in chemoresistant xenografts. More frequent, 3Â/wk dosing diminished this effect, although levels of various genes were higher than for continuous chemotherapy. Drug efflux transporter expression was further examined by Western blotting, confirming that intermittent, but not continuous, docetaxel induced significant upregulation. Overall, our results show that the presence and length of treatment-free intervals contribute to the development of drug resistance. Elimination of these intervals by continuous dosing resulted in superior antitumor efficacy and prevented drug resistance induction in chemosensitive and chemoresistant disease. These results encourage the clinical implementation of continuous chemotherapy to overcome and/or prevent drug resistance in newly diagnosed and recurrent, refractory ovarian cancer.