Despite the enormous progress in prevention and treatment, tuberculosis disease remains a leading cause of death worldwide and one of the major sources of concern is the drug resistant strain, MDR-TB (multidrug resistant tuberculosis) and XDR-TB (extensively drug resistant tuberculosis). In this work, we extend the standard SEIRS epidemiology model of tuberculosis to include MDR-TB. For that, we considered compartments of susceptible, exposed, infected, resistant to a first line of treatment and recovered humans and we modeled the natural growth, the interactions between these populations and the effects of treatments. We calculate the basic reproduction number, 0 , using the next generation method. The DFE and the EE are established and their stability analysis done to show that they are locally and globally asymptotically stable. Numerical analysis for the model with and without delay is done and demonstrated that in the case of patients with both active tuberculosis and MDR tuberculosis, both strains will still persist due to lack of permanent immunity to tuberculosis while the recovered can still lose their immunity to become susceptible again.
Being one of the most important assets of a water utility, urban water distribution pipe systems account highest of the total expenditure involved in water supply systems. However, maintaining water system performance can be challenging due to deterioration. Deterioration, an ongoing process as the system ages is influenced by a number of factors majorly physical, operational, and environmental factors, and is the main cause of pipe failures. Pipe failure has economic, social, and environmental impacts thus increasing operational and maintenance costs. Therefore, the need for proactive approaches for management to ensure the systems operate satisfactorily, and function efficiently and continuously at low costs is highly recommended.
The use of ICT in education has become increasingly important in the education systems of both developed and developing countries. ICT as a course has been introduced in the university programmes. Several researchers have identified a Smartphone as a promising form of ICT in education systems which can revolutionalize career formations. However, there is need for a profound reflection on its possible use in the learning of French as a foreign language in the public universities. This study explored the use of a Smartphone in the learning of French as a foreign language by undergraduate students of the public universities in Kenya. The study focused on the following objectives: First, it assessed the use of a Smartphone in the learning process of French as a foreign language by undergraduate students in universities in Kenya. Secondly, it established when undergraduate students turn to the use of Smartphones in the learning of French as a foreign language. Lastly, it evaluated if the frequent use of a Smartphone by undergraduate students of the public universities in Kenya, adds value to their oral and written linguistic competence. The new knowledge derived from this study would enhance and contribute to new learning techniques of French in the context of the use of a Smartphone. This knowledge would also guide on how this device can be integrated in the learning of French as a foreign language.
Cette étude à caractère descriptive s’est intéressé aux compétences des apprenants kenyans du FLE à travers leurs productions écrites, sous forme de textes injonctifs-recettes et programmes. Étant donnée l’apprentissage tardif du FLE longtemps après l’acquisition et/ou apprentissage de la langue maternelle, de l’anglais (langue officielle) et du Kiswahili (langue nationale), ainsi que la durée insuffisante de l’apprentissage de 308 heures (sur à peu près 5000 heures pour les quatre ans d’étude secondaire), nous nous sommes demandés si les apprenants sont capables de produire des textes injonctif-instructionnels. L’étude a eu pour objectif de/d’ : évaluer la capacité des élèves de FLE à produire des écrits sous forme de textes injonctif-instructionnels, établir leurs compétences en production écrite et illustrer les erreurs commises par ceux-ci dans leurs textes. L’étude était fondée sur la Théorie de l'Interlangue. Afin de recueillir des informations sur notre objet de recherche, nous avons demandé aux sujets venant de 7 écoles publiques secondaires au centre-ville de Kisumu, de rédiger chacun, deux textes injonctif-instructionnels: une recette de cuisine et un programme. Nous avons fait recours à la grille d’évaluation de la production écrite (CAMPUS) et à une analyse de contenu - type classique. L’étude a confirmé que la compétence linguistique et la compétence générale d’écriture ne sont pas maîtrisées. Ce qui montre que l’apprenant de FLE a encore quelques faiblesses en production écrite des textes injonctif-instructionnels.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.