Understanding the dynamical behavior of Granular Media (GM) is extremely important to many industrial processes. Thus simulating the dynamics of GM is critical in the design and optimization of such processes. However, the dynamics of GM is complex in nature and cannot be described by a closed form solution for more than a few particles. A popular and successful approach in simulating the underlying dynamics of GM is by using the Discrete Element Method (DEM). Computational viable simulations are typically restricted to a few particles with realistic complex interactions or a larger number of particles with simplified interactions. This paper introduces a novel DEM based particle simulation code (BLAZE-DEM) that is capable of simulating millions of particles on a desktop computer utilizing a NVIDIA Kepler Graphical Processor Unit (GPU) via the CUDA programming model. The GPU framework of BLAZE-DEM is limited to applications that require large numbers of particles with simplified interactions such as hopper flow which exhibits task level parallelism that can be exploited on the GPU. BLAZE-DEM also performs real-time visualization with interactive capabilities. In this paper we discuss our GPU framework and validate our code by comparison between experimental and numerical hopper flow.

The firefly algorithm is a nature-inspired metaheuristic optimization algorithm that has become an important tool for solving most of the toughest optimization problems in almost all areas of global optimization and engineering practices. However, as with other metaheuristic algorithms, the performance of the firefly algorithm depends on adequate parameter tuning. In addition, its diversification as a global metaheuristic can lead to reduced speed, as well as an associated decrease in the rate of convergence when applied to solve problems with large number of variables such as data clustering problems. Clustering is an unsupervised data analysis technique used for identifying homogeneous groups of objects based on the values of their attributes. To mitigate the aforementioned drawbacks, an improved firefly algorithm is hybridized with the well-known particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve automatic data clustering problems. To investigate the performance of the proposed hybrid algorithm, it is compared with four popular metaheuristic methods from literature using twelve standard datasets from the UCI Machine Learning Repository and the two moons dataset. The extensive computational experiments and results analysis carried out shows that the proposed algorithm not only achieves superior performance over the standard firefly and particle swarm optimization algorithms, but also exhibits high level of stability and can be efficiently utilized to solve other clustering problems with high dimensionality.

In cluster analysis, the goal has always been to extemporize the best possible means of automatically determining the number of clusters. However, because of lack of prior domain knowledge and uncertainty associated with data objects characteristics, it is challenging to choose an appropriate number of clusters, especially when dealing with data objects of high dimensions, varying data sizes, and density. In the last few decades, different researchers have proposed and developed several nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms to solve data clustering problems. Many studies have shown that the firefly algorithm is a very robust, efficient and effective nature-inspired swarm intelligence global search technique, which has been successfully applied to solve diverse NP-hard optimization problems. However, the diversification search process employed by the firefly algorithm can lead to reduced speed and convergence rate for large-scale optimization problems. Thus this study investigates the application of four hybrid firefly algorithms to the task of automatic clustering of high density and large-scaled unlabelled datasets. In contrast to most of the existing classical heuristic-based data clustering analyses techniques, the proposed hybrid algorithms do not require any prior knowledge of the data objects to be classified. Instead, the hybrid methods automatically determine the optimal number of clusters empirically and during the program execution. Two well-known clustering validity indices, namely the Compact-Separated and Davis-Bouldin indices, are employed to evaluate the superiority of the implemented firefly hybrid algorithms. Furthermore, twelve standard ground truth clustering datasets from the UCI Machine Learning Repository are used to evaluate the robustness and effectiveness of the algorithms against those of the classical swarm optimization algorithms and other related clustering results from the literature. The experimental results show that the new clustering methods depict high superiority in comparison with existing standalone and other hybrid metaheuristic techniques in terms of clustering validity measures.

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Few people who did not grow up speaking Zulu have learned the language later. There are limited resources for second language Zulu learning, whether textbooks, readers, or computerised resources. We set out to develop software for this purpose, to support learners' independent learning. Drawing on research on language learning, we used a number of principles that then informed the design of the programmes. In this paper, we reflect on the applicability of the principles and the difficulties in structuring an application for an agglutinative language.