RESUMONo presente trabalho é apresentada a tecnologia de funcionamento e de concepção do reator de biofilme em leito fluidizado, operando com fluxo contínuo, bem como alguns resultados de pesquisas trabalhando com fluxo intermitente. Embora a tecnologia seja utilizada, mas pouco conhecida no Brasil, os reatores de leito fluidizado já estão consagrados no Mundo. Sendo operadas com menores tempos de detenção hidráulica e altas cargas orgânicas, as instalações são compactas e de fácil inserção no ambiente urbano. A produção de lodo é baixa quando se comparam o reator de leito fluidizado com tecnologias de tratamentos biológicos. Os resultados apresentados para o reator de leito fluidizado mostraram alta eficiência (> 90%) na remoção de matéria carbonácea e nutrientes, quando operado em batelada (RLFB) sob diferentes condições operacionais e de material de suporte (PET e PVC). ABSTRACTThis work presents the operational technology and the conception of the biofilm fluidized-bed reactor with a continuous flow as well as research results with intermittent flow. This technology is used but little known in Brazil despite being already consolidated in the world. Utilizing shorter hydraulic retention times and higher organic loads, the installations are compact and easy to insert in an urban environment. The sludge production of the fluidized-bed reactor is low compared to that of biological treatment technologies. The results from the fluidized-bed reactor demonstrated high removal efficiencies (>90%) for carbonaceous matter and nutrients when operated in the sequencing batch mode (SFBR) under different operational conditions and support materials (PET, PVC).Palavras Chave: biomassa imobilizada; leito fluidizado; reator em bateladas sequenciais; tratamento de efluentes Keywords: fixed biomass, fluidized-bed, sequencing batch reactor, wastewater treatment artigos técnicos http://dx.
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The increased use of pesticides due to the expansion of agricultural production and the lack of mor e comprehensive and rigorous legislation and enforcement has made Brazil a major consumer of pesticides, assuming in 2009 the position of largest consumer market of pesticides in the world. The state of Espirito Santo has a relevant influence on this prominence of the country, placing itself among the ten Brazilian states that have the largest sales in the country of this class of pesticides, being Santa Maria de Jetibá an important trader and consumer of pesticides due to its intense agricultural productio n. Given this intense commercialization of pesticides, and the problems caused by pesticides to environmental and human health, the objective was to make a situational diagnosis of the commercialization and use of pesticides in the municipality of Santa Ma ria de Jetibá-ES. For this, data from existing public studies and interviews with farmers from the municipality of Santa Maria de Jetibá were used, analyzing the influence on the Gross Domestic Product of the municipality. In the city of Santa Maria de Jetibá, there was intense agricultural production and intense use of pesticides, and the percentage share of GDP was much higher than those of neighboring cities that do not practice intensive agriculture.
A large quantity of sludges resulting from the treatment of MWWTP (Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant) effluent is generated annually following the increase of population density and acceleration of urbanization. Sludge production in Europe has been predicted by around 12 million tons in 2020. As a solid waste, appropriate disposal of Municipal Sewage Sludge (MSS) has been taken seriously due to its larger volume and toxic substances such as heavy metals. Electrokinetic remediation has more advantages in heavy metals uptake compared to other technologies, due to the ability to treat soils in-situ and to remove heavy metals from soils. In this work, it was studied the remediation of MSS by the electrokinetic remediation coupled with activated carbon (AC) as a permeable reactive barrier (PRB). It was applied an electric current of 3 V cm−1 and it was used an AC/sludge ratio of 30 g kg−1 of contaminated sludge for the preparation of the PRB. In each trial, the evolution of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) removal from the sludge were evaluated. Results proved that this process is perfectly suited for the removal of chromium, nickel and zinc metals from the sludge. At the end of the operation time, it was achieved a maximum removal rate of 56% for chromium, 73% for nickel and 99% for zinc, with initial concentrations of 2790 mg kg−1, 2840 mg kg−1, and 94200 mg kg−1, respectively. Based on these results, it was proved the technical viability of the proposed technology (electrokinetic with AC as a permeable reactive barrier) to treat municipal sewage sludges.
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