ABH and Lewis blood group antigens are a good indicator for cellular alterations in the gastric epithelium.

BackgroundThe Lewis (FUT3) gene is responsible for the expression of the Lea and Leb blood group antigens. The individuals, who not synthesize these antigens have the phenotype Lewis negative, due to the presence of some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), such as 59T>G, 508G>A and 1067T>A, whose distribution is different in various ethnic groups. Our aim was to verify the frequencies of these SNPs in an admixed population of Belém-Pará-Brazil.Materials and MethodsPolymerase chain reaction/restriction enzyme method were used to detect these SNPs in the FUT3 gene, whereas Lewis phenotypes were defined by the direct hemagglutination and in saliva by Dot-Elisa assay in a random sample of 150 individuals from admixed population of Belém in the northeast Brazilian Amazon region.ResultsThe frequency of these SNPs was detected as 47.6% (59T>G), 17.3% (508G>A) and 5.3% (1067T>A).The discrepancies between blood and salivary Lewis phenotypes are related to the relatively high frequencies of 59T>G and the null allele 508G>A. Whereas 38.6% of the individuals were Lewis negative based on blood, only 17.24% also tested negative when their saliva were analyzed.ConclusionWe have found a marked consistency between the phenotypes and genotypes of the Lewis blood group system. Furthermore, our obtained FST values reveal distinct frequencies of the FUT3 SNPs between the present sample and its representative ancestral populations. These observations will help to evaluate the Lewis antigens impact as susceptibility markers, in genetic association studies to certain diseases.

Among Amazonian communities, exposure to methylmercury is associated mainly with fish consumption that may affect fetal development in pregnant women. Therefore a temporal assessment was performed to assess the exposure of reproductive aged women to mercury who reside in the riparian communities of São Luís do Tapajós and Barreiras located in the Tapajós basin of the Brazilian Amazon from 1999 to 2012. The total mercury concentration in the 519 hair samples was assessed by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Data analysis showed that the average total mercury concentration decreased from 1.066 to 0.743 μg/g in those years. In 1999 the proportion of volunteers with mercury levels ≥ 10 μg/g was approximately 68 %. In general, exposure to mercury decreased among women of reproductive age, but the potential risks to reproduction and human health is still an issue as 22 % of the woman continued showing high mercury levels (≥ 10 μg/g) in 2012.

The indigenous people of Brazil present several cases and deaths, affecting 158 peoples, with high vulnerability and limited access to health services. The objective is to investigate the clinical characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome by COVID-19 in indigenous peoples of Brazil. The epidemiological study, descriptive, from the data of the platform opendataSUS referring to the SIVEP-GRIPE in the period 01/01/2020 until 31/08/2020. Profile variables, signs and symptoms, and risk/comorbidities factors. The data were analyzed by Bioestat 5.3. 1,207 cases and 470 deaths. Profile: male gender (59.48%) mean age 53. Signs and symptoms: fever (74.23%), cough (77.71%), sore throat (35.62%), dyspnea (69.34%), respiratory discomfort (62.80%), O2 saturation <95% (56.42%); and associated with mortality: dyspnea (80.0%) and O2 saturation <95% (69.36%). Risk factors and comorbidities (45.89%) were associated with deaths (54.04%). Comorbidities: Chronic Cardiovascular Disease (18.97%) and Diabetes Mellitus (18.97%), and associated with deaths: Chronic Cardiovascular Disease (24.46%). There was significance in the survivors vaccinated for influenza (26.18%). The public and health policies of Brazil should be directed to control the dissemination of COVID-19 in this population, that COVID-19 evolves in the same intensity, however, the indigenous have vulnerabilities that can enhance the impact of the pandemic in this population.

The Brazilian Northern region registered a high incidence of COVID-19 cases, particularly in the state of Pará. The present study investigated the risk factors associated with the severity of COVID-19 in a Brazilian Amazon region of 100,819 cases. An epidemiological, cross-sectional, analytical and demographic study, analyzing data on confirmed cases for COVID-19 available at the Brazilian Ministry of Health's surveillance platform, was conducted. Variables such as, municipalities of residence, age, gender, signs and symptoms, comorbidities were included and associated with COVID-19 cases and outcomes. The spatial distribution was performed using the ArcGIS program. A total of 100,819 cases were evaluated. Overall, patients had the mean age of 42.3 years, were female (51.2%) and with lethality reaching 4.79% of cases. Main symptoms included fever (66.5%), cough (61.9%) and sore throat (39.8%). Regarding comorbidities, most of the patients presented cardiovascular disease (5.1%) and diabetes (4.2%). Neurological disease increased risk of death by nearly 15 times, followed by obesity (5.16 times) and immunodeficiency (5.09 time). The municipalities with the highest incidence rate were Parauapebas, Canaã dos Carajás and Jacareacanga. Similarity between the Lower Amazon, Marajó and Southwest mesoregions of Pará state were observed concerning the highest morbidity rates. The obtained data demonstrated that the majority of cases occurred among young adults, females, with the classic influenza symptoms and chronic diseases. Finally, data suggest that the highest incidences were no longer in the metropolitan region of the state. The higher lethality rate than in Brazil may be associated with the greater impacts of the disease in this Amazonian population, or factors associated with fragile epidemiological surveillance in the notification of cases of cure.

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The northern region of Brazil is already vulnerable to other infectious diseases and it was no different in COVID-19. However, cardiovascular diseases still lead the causes of death. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify the clinical predictors and outcome of severe COVID-19 in hospitalized patients with and without CVD in this region of the Amazon. A retrospective cohort, referring to the notifications from January 1 to December 31, 2020, including cases confirmed by molecular testing. The study consisted of 9223 confirmed cases for COVID-19. Of these, 6011 (65.17%) did not have cardiovascular disease and 3212 (34.83%) had some cardiovascular disease. The significance of deaths was in the age group of < 1 to 59 CVD carriers (< 0.001). Predictor of mortality were invasive ventilation for patients with CVD, (OR 23,688 CI 18,180–30,866), followed by chronic kidney disease (OR 2442 CI 1568–3740), dyspnea (OR 2312 CI 1817–3941), respiratory distress (OR 1523 CI 1210–2919), cough (OR 1268 CI 1005–1599), Lower oxygen saturation 95% (OR 1281 CI 1039–1579), diabetes mellitus (OR 1267 CI 1050–1528) and age (OR 1051 CI 1044–1058). Carriers of CVD had a lower survival rate (< 0.0001). The order of the predictors of death differed among the non-carriers, as well as the high odds ratio in the predictors of CVD, only cough was an independent predictor. The age group under 59 years was associated with deaths. We also show the shorter survival in CVD carriers, as well as the higher cardiovascular morbidity rate than other studies in the literature.

Águas subterrâneas podem ser atingidas de diversas formas pela ação antrópica, impactando diretamente em sua qualidade e composição, podendo trazer efeitos deletérios a população abastecida por estes poços. O Município de Barcarena pertence à Mesorregião Metropolitana de Belém teve seu crescimento econômico baseado na implantação de grandes projetos industriais. No entanto, apesar deste crescimento, o município possui falta de infraestrutura, adensamento populacional, e uso e ocupação do solo inadequada com degradação de seus recursos hídricos. Para avaliar o impacto destas atividades, este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a qualidade da água proveniente de poços individuais consumida pelas famílias residentes na região próxima à área industrial de Barcarena-PA de acordo com os parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos e as condições de potabilidade previstas no Anexo XX da Portaria de Consolidação nº 5 de 28/09/2017 do Ministério da Saúde. O estudo revelou que em um número amostral de 50 poços, 100% das amostras não atendiam as condições de potabilidade previstas na legislação acima citada, sendo que para os parâmetros microbiológicos, foi detectada a presença de Coliformes totais em 84% das amostras e 54% apresentaram contaminação por Escherichia coli nos poços analisados. E ao avaliarmos o desfecho das análises dos parâmetros físico-químicos, o maior percentual de não conformidade foi em decorrência do pH, que alcançou 90 %, seguida do parâmetro de cor aparente que representou em 42% das reprovações. Considerando-se ainda a contaminação dos poços por E. coli foi verificado que poços com maior pH tem mais chances de serem contaminados por E. coli. Portanto, é possível apontar a fragilidade do recurso hídrico, cuja qualidade da água pode estar estreitamente associada à profundidade do poço para captação da água, vulnerabilidade ambiental local, infiltração e lixiviação ocorridas nesta região.