Resumen: Se presentan datos sobre la validación del Cuestionario Básico de Depresión (CBD) en una muestra de adolescentes. El CBD es un inventario de 21 ítems que evalúa las áreas más representativas de la depresión, y que ha demostrado buenas propiedades psicométricas con muestras de adultos. El CBD fue administrado a 392 adolescentes (retest n = 60), conjuntamente con el CDI y el STAIC. Los resultados favorecieron una solución unifactorial, con una buena consistencia interna y una elevada estabilidad temporal. La validez convergente con depresión fue elevada, pero también lo fue con ansiedad. El CBD muestra una mayor capacidad para detectar ‗posibles casos' de depresión que ‗posibles no casos'. Estos resultados se discuten en relación con la necesidad de corroborarlos con muestras clínicas. Palabras clave: Evaluación de la depresión; cuestionarios; validación psicométrica; adolescentes.Title: Psychometric properties of the Basic Questionnaire for Depression with an adolescent sample. Abstract: Data about the validation of the Basic Questionnaire for Depression (CBD, Cuestionario Básico de Depresión) with an adolescent sample, are presented. The CBD is a 21-items inventory to assess the most representative areas of depression, and that has shown adequate psychometric properties with adult samples. The CBD was administered to 392 adolescents, (retest, n = 60), jointly with the CDI and the STAIC. The results favoured an one-factor solution, with an elevated internal consistency and a high temporary stability. The convergent validity with depression was elevated, but also it was it with anxiety. The CBD shows a greater capacity to detect `possible-cases' of depression than `possible-not-cases'. These results are discussed in relation to the necessity to corroborate them with clinical samples. Key words: Assessment of depression; questionnaires; psychometric validation; adolescents. IntroducciónLos problemas emocionales representan los trastornos más prevalentes en la población infanto-juvenil, como se ha podido constatar en estudios multiculturales (Rescorla et al., 2007). Entre estos problemas emocionales destaca la depresión (usualmente acompaña de problemas de ansiedad). Datos similares se han encontrado en muestras españolas (Ló-pez-Soler, Alcántara, Fernández, Castro y López Pina, 2010), que muestran cómo, atendiendo a una población infantojuvenil de riesgo, los niveles de depresión casi llegan a doblar a los problemas de ansiedad (López-Soler et al., 2012). Este impacto es más destacable por su vinculación al suicidio, tercera causa de muerte en estas edades (Ruble, Leon, GilleyHensley, Hess y Swartz, 2013;Young, 2012).El Cuestionario Básico de Depresión (CBD, Peñate, 2001a) fue diseñado con la pretensión de aislar los síntomas genuinos de la depresión. El trastorno depresivo está caracterizado por un conjunto de síntomas muy dispersos (APA 2000; WHO, 1992), que incluyen distintos sistemas de respuesta (somáticos-neurovegetativos, cognitivo-afectivos, comportamentales…), con distintos grados de consolidació...
Relationship among Test Anxiety, Academic Motivation andAcademic Achievement of Universities Students in North -West Zone, Nigeria IntroductionTest anxiety is basically a strong emotional reaction that an individual experiences before, during and after an examination (Akca, 2011). Usually, situations where individuals are allowed personal evaluation is termed an evaluative situation, which will potentially result in performance efforts geared towards high standards that lead to high levels of performance. Test anxiety can be defined as a significantly unpleasant experience of worry and emotionality during situations where an individual feels he or she is being assessed. Test anxiety is an important factor which has been shown to reduce psychological well-being as well as seriously hinders students' academic achievement (Putman, 2012). It is considered to be a common educational problem whereby many students experience nervousness before, during or after an examination, do not feel confident about their abilities. Anxiety although, may be a powerful motivator if it is moderate otherwise may lead to poor performance and interfere with their learning, lowered self-esteem, reduced effort and loss of motivation for school tasks.Test anxiety is an overwhelming feeling of disturbance and distress among the students around the world. It is a type of performance problem just like when some people get nervous speaking to large crowds or trying something new. Test anxiety can be a devastating problem for many college and university students, because it may impair their academic achievement and well-being in the long run. According to (Porto 2013), test anxiety produces psychological symptoms that build up in students before a test which include restlessness, unusual body movements, difficulty in concentration, insomnia, fatigue, muscles contraction, abdominal pain and tremor (Parviz&Alemi 2010). A certain amount of test anxiety keeps us energized, motivated, alert and focused but too much of test anxiety can result in emotional or physical distress, difficulty in concentration and emotional worry, which may influence the academic achievements and professional growth
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