OBJECTIVE BEYOND trial evaluated the feasibility of either basal insulin plus glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) or basal insulin plus sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) to replace a full basal-bolus insulin (BBI) regimen in participants with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycemic control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were randomized (1:1:1) to: 1 ) intensification of the BBI regimen ( n = 101), 2 ) fixed ratio of basal insulin plus GLP-1RA (fixed-combo group; n = 102), and 3 ) combination of basal insulin plus SGLT2i (gliflo-combo group; n = 102). The primary efficacy outcome was change from baseline in HbA 1c at 6 months. RESULTS Baseline characteristics were similar among the three groups (mean HbA 1c was 8.6% [70 mmol/mol]). At 6 months, patients experienced similar reduction in HbA 1c level (−0.6 ± 0.8, −0.6 ± 0.8, and −0.7 ± 0.9%, mean ± SD, respectively; noninferiority P < 0.001 vs. BBI), and the proportion of patients with HbA 1c ≤7.5% was also similar (34%, 28%, and 27%, respectively; P = 0.489). Total insulin dose increased in the BBI group (62 units/day) and decreased both in the fixed-combo and gliflo-combo groups (27 units/day and 21 units/day, respectively; P < 0.01). The proportion of patients with hypoglycemia was 17.8%, 7.8%, and 5.9%, respectively ( P = 0.015). There were 12 dropouts in the fixed-combo group, 9 in the gliflo-combo group, and none in the BBI group. CONCLUSIONS BEYOND provides evidence that it is possible and safe to switch from a BBI regimen to either a once-daily fixed-combo injection or once-daily gliflozin added to basal insulin, with similar glucose control, fewer insulin doses, fewer injections daily, and less hypoglycemia.
<b>OBJECTIVE </b> <p><b>BEYOND trial evaluated the feasibility of either basal insulin + GLP-1RA (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist), or basal insulin + SGLT-2i (sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor) to replace a full basal-bolus insulin (BBI) regimen in participants with type 2 diabetes and</b><b> </b><b>inadequate glycemic control. </b></p> <p><b>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS</b> </p> <p><b>Participants were randomized (1:1:1) to: a) intensification of the BBI regimen (n = 101), b) fixed-ratio of basal insulin + GLP-1RA (fixed-combo group, n = 102), and c) combination of basal insulin + SGLT-2i (gliflo-combo group, n = 102). The primary efficacy outcome was change from baseline in HbA1c at 6 months. </b><b></b></p> <p><b>RESULTS</b></p> <p><b>Baseline characteristics were similar among the 3 groups (mean HbA1c was 8.6%, 70 mmol/mol). At 6 months, patients experienced similar reduction in HbA1c level (-0.6 ± 0.8, -0.6 ± 0.8, -0.7 ± 0.9%, mean ± SD, respectively, noninferiority P < 0.001 vs BBI) and the proportion of patients with HbA1c ≤7.5% was also similar (34%, 28% and 27%, respectively, P = 0.489). Total insulin dose increased in BBI group (62 U/day), and decreased both in the fixed-combo and gliflo-combo groups (27 U and 21 U/day, respectively, P <0.01</b><b>). The proportion of patients with hypoglycemia was 17.8%, 7.8% and 5.9%, respectively (P = 0.015). There were 12 drop-outs in the fixed-combo group, 9 in the gliflo-combo group and none in the BBI group. </b><b></b></p> <p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b> </p> <p><b>BEYOND provides evidence that it is possible and safe to switch from a BBI regimen to either a once daily fixed-combo injection or once daily gliflozin added to basal insulin, with similar glucose control, less insulin doses, less injections daily, and less hypoglycemia.</b><b></b></p>
Context Patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI) have excess mortality and morbidity, mainly due to cardiovascular (CV) diseases. The mechanisms for this is unclear. Objective To assess CV structure and function in AI patients on conventional replacement therapy and after switching to once-daily, modified-release hydrocortisone (OD-HC) in comparison with healthy matched controls. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of 17 adult AI patients (11 with primary AI, 6 with secondary AI) on stable replacement with cortisone acetate [median (minimum, maximum) 33.5 (12.5–50) mg] and, if needed, fludrocortisone [0.1 (0.05–0.2) mg], and 17 healthy matched controls. Ten patients were switched to an equivalent dose of OD-HC. Data from echocardiography, 24 h Holter-ECG and 24 h blood pressure monitoring were collected at baseline and 6 months after the switch to OD-HC. Results At baseline, AI patients had smaller left ventricular diastolic diameter (47.1 ± 4.2 vs. 51.6 ± 2.3 mm; P = 0.001) and left atrial diameter (34.9 ± 4.7 vs. 38.2 ± 2.6 cm; P = 0.018), and a higher ejection fraction (62.5 ± 6.9% vs. 56.0 ± 4.7%; P = 0.003) than controls. AI patients had lower nocturnal systolic and diastolic blood pressure than controls (108 ± 15 mmHg vs. 117 ± 8 mmHg; P = 0.038 and 65 ± 9 mmHg vs. 73 ± 7 mmHg; P = 0.008, respectively). After the switch to OD-HC, nocturnal diastolic blood pressure normalised. No significant changes were observed in echocardiographic and Holter-ECG parameters following the switch. Conclusions AI patients on conventional treatment display cardiovascular abnormalities that could be related to hypovolemia. Switch to OD-HC seems to have beneficial effect on blood pressure profile, but no effect on cardiovascular structure and function.
Purpose Thyroid dysfunction in patients with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) remains an unresolved issue. Although low free thyroxine (FT4) levels within the normal range and normal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels have been reported, there is currently no data on nodular thyroid disease in this population. This study aims to evaluate the results of thyroid ultrasound (US) examinations in KS patients compared with healthy controls. Methods A cohort of 122 KS and 85 age-matched healthy male controls underwent thyroid US screening and thyroid hormone analysis. According to US risk-stratification systems, nodules ≥1 cm were examined by fine needle aspiration (FNA). Results Thyroid US detected nodular thyroid disease in 31% of KS compared to 13% of controls. No statistical differences in the maximum diameter of the largest nodules and in moderate and highly suspicious nodules were found between patients and the control group. Six KS patients and two controls with nodules underwent FNA and were confirmed as cytologically benign. In line with published data, FT4 levels were found significantly near the lower limit of the normal range compared to controls, with no differences in TSH values between the two groups. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis was diagnosed in 9% of patients with KS. Conclusions We observed a significantly higher prevalence of nodular thyroid disease in KS compared to the control group. The increase in nodular thyroid disease is likely linked to low levels of FT4, inappropriate TSH secretion, and/or genetic instability.
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