The Roman city of Clunia (nowadays at the spanish province of Burgos) became the capital of the Tarraconensis conventus with the Augustan provincial reform, which provided a major boost for its urban development. The suitability of the city's location is evident by the fact it was built on a plateau concealing an underground karst cave that provided direct access to water without requiring major engineering works. The waters in this cave were used and administered by the people, and some of its galleries acted as a shrine for worshipping. This study provides an overview of the modern drainage systems in order to study more profoundly the forms of urban organization, on which we have only partial knowledge currently, given the breadth of the field. We believe that some of these drains are actually tracks of ancient streets that have been fossilized in orography. To reach these conclusions, we analysed several IR photographs, and applied hydrological GIS functions to observe the path of these tracks and their relationship to what is currently known of the city's urban layout. This analysis of the surface was completed by relating it to the karst topography by conducting geophysical surveys in areas where wells giving access to the cave were detected using radiolocation. Finally, we applied a range of hydrological GIS functions and indexes on a high-resolution DEM, obtained from LIDAR technology (5 m/pixel), to confirm how the drainage worked. The results have highlighted landforms on the plateau, providing new hypotheses about Clunia's urban development. Repetitive modulations were also observed in the distances between some of the drains, thus making for a better understanding of the characteristics of an entire sector of the ancient city. We therefore believe that the drainage calculation method may be a useful tool for the study of urban structures that have not been excavated yet.
The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, also known as drones or RPA) in archaeology has expanded significantly over the last twenty years. Improvements in terms of the reliability, size, and manageability of these aircraft have been largely complemented by the high resolution and spectral bands provided by the sensors of the different cameras that can be incorporated into their structure. If we add to this the functionalities and improvements that photogrammetry programs have been experiencing in recent years, we can conclude that there has been a qualitative leap in the possibilities, not only of geometric documentation and in the presentation of the archaeological data, but in the incorporation of non-intrusive high-resolution analytics. The work that we present here gives a sample of the possibilities of both geometric documentation, creation of 3D models, their subsequent printing with different materials, and techniques to finally show a series of analytics from images with NGB (Nir + Green + Blue), Red Edge, and Thermographic cameras applied to various archaeological sites in which our team has been working since 2013, such as Clunia (Peñalba de Castro, Burgos), Puig Rom (Roses), Vilanera (L’Escala, Girona), and Cosa (Ansedonia, Italy). All of them correspond to different chronological periods as well as to varied geographical and morphological environments, which will lead us to propose the search for adequate solutions for each of the environments. In the discussions, we will propose the lines of research to be followed in a project of these characteristics, as well as some results that can already be viewed.
The construction of the Aswan Dam put an end to a form of relationship between people and the environment that had its origin in the pre-Pharaonic period. The annual Nile flood had been tamed and managed for centuries by the societies of the Nile delta. However, by the nineteenth century, attempts to modernize Egypt according to Western standards led to a gradual change in how the river was managed and exploited, focusing on permanent irrigation of the land. These changes took the form of successive hydraulic engineering projects that transformed the entire landscape. Our project aims to analyze how this long process took place, from the Greco-Roman period to the present day, by focussing on the middle valley of the Nile, in the area corresponding to the Oxyrhynchus nome (province), in order to reconstruct the methods of flood management and how they have transformed the landscape.For this purpose, we have combined an analysis of archaeological and written documentation, consisting primarily of papyrological data and secondary sources. We have also combined a reading of the historical cartography with the identification of traces of dykes and canals from satellite images (CORONA, ASTER, Quickbird, Worldview 2), and related enhancing functions of satellite imagery. These data were organized and registered on a GIS geodatabase that enabled all the information to be analyzed and confirmed. Our initial findings define an ancient landscape, in which old channels structured the landscape around the nome. These channels, and their levees associated with dykes, favoured both the containment of water and terrestrial transport, in an area that would be completely inundated in the flood season. This combination of channels with some element of retention was important for territorial and administrative organization within the nome, the administrative territorial division of Egypt, and its subdivision the toparchy.
El presente artículo es producto de un proyecto de investigación cuyo objetivo principal fue presentar, sobre la base de experiencias de casos multiescalares (nacional, regional, rural y metropolitano), una metodología que permita conocer el estado de situación de las iniciativas de ordenamiento territorial en cuatro países de América Latina, señalando los principales factores que limitan o inhiben su puesta en marcha y sus resultados, de manera tal que se puedan plantear algunas pistas y recomendaciones para la mejora de las políticas y las prácticas de ordenamiento territorial en toda la región. El estudio fue ejecutado entre el 2017 y 2018, dentro Programa de Asistencia Técnica (PAT) que auspicia el Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia (IPGH) dependiente de la Organización de los Estados Americanos (OEA), con la participación del Instituto Geográfico Militar del Ecuador, la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México a través del Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental (CIGA) del Campus de Morelia; el Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo de Paraguay y la Universidad Nacional del Sur a través del Centro ADETER (Acción y Desarrollo Territorial) de la Argentina. A ello se sumó el apoyo de numerosos investigadores de otras Universidades y centros de investigación de los países involucrados.En este marco de investigación, se planteó una estrategia que incluyó el trabajo de campo mediante entrevistas a actores importantes y conocedores de la problemática. Adicionalmente, se recopiló información secundaria de las fuentes oficiales de cada nación y en función de todos estos instrumentos se realizaron varios talleres y discusiones evidenciados en los productos entregados.El resultado de la investigación reconoció problemas comunes en torno a la planificación territorial presentes en los cuatro países analizados, y que se manifiestan también en todos los niveles escalares; posteriormente, a partir de estos temas comunes para todos, con base en los instrumentos metodológicos desarrollados y el criterio experto de los participantes, se generaron propuestas que aportan ideas prácticas para mejorar las políticas de planificación territorial en América Latina.
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