Lesions of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus are frequent in cases of anterior cruciate ligament rupture. These lesions appear to play a significant role in knee stability. Ramp lesions increase the forces in the ACL, and the PHMM is a secondary restraint to anterior tibial translation. Lesions of the meniscotibial ligament may increase rotatory instability of the knee.

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We describe a lateral approach to the distal humerus based on initial location of the superficial branches of the radial nerve, the inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm and the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm. In 18 upper limbs the superficial branches of the radial nerve were located in the subcutaneous tissue between the triceps and brachioradialis muscles and dissected proximally to their origin from the radial nerve, exposing the shaft of the humerus. The inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm arose from the radial nerve at the lower part of the spiral groove, at a mean of 14.2 cm proximal to the lateral epicondyle. The posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm arose from the inferior lateral cutaneous nerve at a mean of 6.9 cm (6.0 to 8.1) proximal to the lateral epicondyle and descended vertically along the dorsal aspect of the forearm. The size and constant site of emergence between the triceps and brachioradialis muscles constitute a readily identifiable landmark to explore the radial nerve and expose the humeral shaft.

The articular cartilage lesions represent one of the major unsolved problems in the orthopaedic surgery. This is because articular cartilage has a limited capacity of self-repair following trauma. The aim of this study is to review the different surgical options for articular cartilage repair. They can be divided into three groups: techniques without transplant of cells or tissues; techniques based on the transplantation of tissues; the tissue engineering techniques.The first group includes the joint debridement and the techniques based on the bone marrow-stimulation principle.The second group includes the transplantation of periosteum and the transplantation of autologous or allogeneic osteochondral plugs. The tissue engineering techniques could be further divided as follows: methods based on the transplantation of cells either in solution, or in the form of microspheres, or carried on a biocompatible scaffold; the transplant of cartilage fragments; the cell-free techniques, based on the use of an acellular scaffold, able to entrap the reparative cells recruited from the host tissue and to guide their differentiation toward a chondral phenotype.In this work we present various options for the treatment of chondral or osteochondral lesions. Today, however, due to the lack of comparative studies, it is not always possible to define the best treatment choice for the different cartilage pathologies.