Though now its cultivation is confined only to Bihar along with adjacent states i.e. Assam, Orissa and West Bengal. 5 Optimum atmospheric conditions to grow is tropical and subtropical climate, temperature ranging from 20 o C-35 o C, relative humidity between 50%-90% and rainfall between 100 cm-250 cm. 6 The Euryale ferox is a perineal plant, rooted in the soil with leaves that are broad, round and blade-shaped thus remaining afloat on the surface of pond water. The leaf lamina and vascular bundles have many sharp prickles whereas the rhizomes lie deep in the bottom of the pond with the help of dense fleshy roots. At a time, the plant bears 15-20 spongy fruits, ABSTRACT Introduction: One of the relished dry fruits known by the names of Makhana, Phool Makhana, Gorgon Nut and Fox Nut in the Indian continent, Euryale ferox Salisb. (Nymphaeaceae) is the only plant that belongs to Euryale genus. It is found in abundance in Mithila, Darbhanga and Madhubani region of Bihar state. Since ages, in Ayurveda and Chinese practices, it has been used for the treatment of the renal disorder, chronic diarrhoea, excessive leucorrhea and hepatic dysfunctioning. Its bio-active compounds act as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiischaemic, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, anti-melanogenic, anti-cytotoxic. Methods: The information has been collected from various scientific journals, reviews, books, reports and patent databases. Results: This review summarizes the isolated bioactive compounds in different extracts, patented compounds/formulations with pharmacological activities, present in different parts of Euryale ferox Salisb. Hence, it has been used as a remedy for numerous ailments since long and also proves itself as a panacea for humanity.
Cassia fistula Linn, generally recognized as Indian laburnum, is one of the ancient trees in the Indian subcontinent used for its ornamental and diverse medicinal properties. It is known for its ethnic medicinal uses in inflammatory and infectious pathologies such as antihelmintic, purgative, carminative, antipyretic, expectorant, analgesic, laxative, antiseptic, and antidote against snake poison. The Cassia bark is rich in anthraquinones, flavanols glycosides, and sitosterols, which renders it cardioprotective properties. The existing experiments were designed to assess the potential of Cassia fistula bark against isoproterenol (ISP)-induced cardiotoxicity in rats, which has not been validated yet. The bark was successively extracted with five different solvents, and each extract was subjected to in vitro antioxidant studies. Further acute oral toxicity assays were carried out preceding in vivo myocardial studies. Cardiotoxicity-inducing agent, ISP, was administrated to the rats for two consecutive days (8th and 9th). Based on in vitro studies, the Cassia fistula methanolic extract (CFME) was administered in two doses: CFME-LD (lower dose 250 mg/kg) and CFME-HD (high dose 500 mg/kg) separately. It was found that CFME produced a substantial decrease in lipid peroxidation and an increase in antioxidants in myocardial tissues. CFME abrogated the levels of triglyceride and total cholesterol with a decrease in alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activity in serum at both doses. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and histopathology also revealed the protective effects of CFME against ISP-induced myocardial infarction. The study showed the significant role of the CFME as a strong antioxidant and cardioprotective action in ISP-induced toxicity.
Introduction: Cyclooxygenase (COX), in literature, known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), is an enzyme that is responsible for the formation of prostanoids, including thromboxane and prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. COX-1 does housekeeping activity, whereas COX-2 induces inflammation. Continuous rise in COX-2 gives birth to chronic pain-associated disorders, i.e., arthritis, cardiovascular complications, macular degeneration, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Despite their potent anti-inflammatory effects, the detrimental effects of COX-2 inhibitors coexist in healthy tissues. Non-preferential NSAIDs cause gastrointestinal discomfort, whereas selective COX-2 inhibitors exert higher cardiovascular risk and renal impairment on chronic use. Area covered: This review paper covers key patents published between 2012-2022 on NSAIDs and coxibs, highlighting their importance, mechanism of action, and patents related to formulation and drug combination. So far, several drug combinations with NSAIDS have been used in clinical trials to treat chronic pain besides combating the side effects. Conclusion: Emphasis has been given on the formulation, drug combination, administration routes-modification, and alternative routes, i.e., parenteral, topical, and ocular DEPOT, improving its risk-benefit ratio of NSAIDs to improvise their therapeutic availability and minimize the adverse effects. Considering the wide area of research on COX-2 and ongoing studies, and future scope of view for the better use of the NSAIDs in treating debilitating disease-associated algesia.
Cirrhosis is a serious health condition, where along with scar tissue formation there is deposition of collagen in the liver, finally leading to liver failure. It is preceded by liver fibrosis, a dynamic pathological condition that can be decelerated during its early phases. Acute hepatitis is the cause of about 10% cases of liver damage and another 50% result from drug induced hepatic injury. In absence of appropriate clinical management of fibrosis, its progresses to cirrhosis and eventually results in liver failure or primary liver cancer both of which are irreversible conditions. Various in vivo animal models have been developed where hepatic injury is induced by diet, drugs, chemicals or surgical methods. These animal models are routinely employed for the assessment of drugs. But there is a need to discover new methods that will reduce animal sacrifice or be associated with animal recovery. Ex-vivo tissue culture techniques also aid in the evaluation of different stages of cirrhosis. Future research may result in the study of pathology of an individual patient through hepatic decellularisation and hepatic tissue bioengineering.
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