Although migraines are the most common cause of headaches in children, it is important to be cognizant of other, secondary causes of headaches. Secondary headaches are caused by an underlying etiology that may be systemic (medical) or due to a problem inherent in the central nervous system. Common intracranial etiologies for headache include structural (eg, tumor, hydrocephalus, Chiari malformation), infection (encephalitis or meningitis), inflammatory (acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, vasculitis), and epilepsy. In some situations, early identification and appropriate treatment of these underlying conditions can result in complete headache resolution. This article discusses these secondary causes of headaches due to primary brain etiologies, focusing on aspects of the history that should lead a neurologist to order neuroimaging or electroencephalographic studies for these children.
Abstract:The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is increasing at a rapid rate. Over the years, the perception, diagnosis, assessment, care, and educational practices with children on the spectrum have evolved. However, many parents, educators, and medical professionals are still searching for quality care and resources for those diagnosed with ASD. The number of high-functioning ASD students entering into higher education is also on the rise, and the resources available to this age group are limited. The benefits of early childhood intervention are widely acknowledged yet the services provided for transitioning young adults, and adults with ASD are severely lacking. We aim to identify unmet needs of individuals with ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders. We also emphasize the importance of physicians to educate, discuss, and utilize community resources available while also being a knowledgeable, compassionate, and creative primary resource. Finally, we advocate for an interdisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic approach and present the benefits of this model. By understanding the limitations posed to the patient from his or her disability, physicians can be an additional resource while leading a diverse multidisciplinary team to assist autistic patients in living a better quality of life.
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