This research aimed to evaluate the effects of anthocyanin-extracted residue (AER) in the diet of cattle on meat oxidation during storage and on the fatty acid profiles of the meat. Sixteen male dairy cattle (average body weight 160 ± 10.6 kg) were allotted to feed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four levels of AER supplementation, 0, 20, 40, and 60 g/kg dry matter (DM) in the total mixed ration (TMR). These TMR diets were fed ad libitum to the cattle throughout the trial. At the end of the feeding trial (125 days), all cattle were slaughtered and meat samples from the Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle were collected to assess meat oxidation and fatty acid profile. The antioxidant effect of AER on meat oxidation was investigated during 14 days of storage based on color, myoglobin redox forms, lipid, and protein oxidation. The results showed meat from cattle fed AER had better color stability, lower oxidation of lipid, protein and myoglobin than did meat from cattle fed the control diet (0 g/kg AER). Furthermore, fatty acid profiles were affected by AER supplementation with an increase in the concentration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). These results support the inclusion of AER supplementation as a natural antioxidant in cattle to reduce meat oxidation and increase PUFA in meat.
The study aimed to evaluate the impact of black rice and purple corn extracted residue (BPER) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and antioxidant activity in male dairy cattle. The residue after extraction of anthocyanin from black rice and purple corn contains anthocyanin and phenolic acids. Several researchers found that anthocyanins and phenolic acids had antioxidant and antimicrobial functions in animals. Sixteen male dairy cattle (with average body weight of 160 ± 10.6 kg) were allotted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 levels of black rice and purple corn extracted residue (BPER) at 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% dry matter (DM) in total mixed ration (TMR). The TMR diets were fed ad libitum for 125 days. The daily DM intake, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and plasma metabolites were measured. The results showed that BPER up to 6% had no effect on intakes of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Intake of ether extract (EE) increased with higher levels of BPER (p<0.05). The DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF digestibility were similar among treatments. The average daily gain (ADG) and feed per gain were similar among treatments. There was no effect of BPER on the concentrations of glucose, urea, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), protein carbonyl, and antioxidant activity in the plasma. However, the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in the plasma decreased (p<0.05) with the increased level of BPER, indicating that lower lipid oxidation compared to 0% BPER. It was concluded that BPER can be used up to 6% to reduce oxidative stress, without any negative effect on feed intake and nutrient digestibility.
The objective of the research was to investigate the bioactive compounds of herbal plant leaves by microencapsulation technique for future application as a feed additive. In this experiment, three herbal plant leaves, namely Cannabis sativa L., Cannabis indica L., and Mitragyna speiosa K., were comparatively investigated using different methods to extract their bioactive compounds. Two methods were used to extract the bioactive compounds: microwave extraction (water-heating transferred) and maceration extraction (methanol extracted). The results obtained using microwave extraction revealed that the total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity were significantly higher and stronger, respectively, than those produced by the maceration extraction method (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the spray-drying technique was employed to enhance the extracted compounds by encapsulation with chitosan through ionic gelation properties. The physical characteristics of chitosan-encapsulated substrates were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and were as microparticle size (1.45 to 11.0 µm). The encapsulation efficiency of the bioactive compounds was found to be 99.7, 82.3, and 54.6% for microencapsulated M. speiosa, C. indica, and C. sativa, respectively. Therefore, microwave treatment prior to chitosan encapsulation of leaf extracts resulted in increased recovery of bioactive compound encroachment.
The development of functional food products is increasingly gaining lots of interest and popularity among stakeholders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioaccessibility of three Lactobacillus sp. starter cultures, including Lacticaseibacillus casei KKU-KK1, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus KKU-KK2, and Lactobacillus acidophilus KKU-KK3, in order to enhance the performance of the probiotic potential of Nham protein hydrolysates in Thai fermented sausage using microencapsulation technology. Probiotic microcapsules were created from a novel wall material made up of a combination of glutinous rice flour and inulin through a freeze-drying process. Accordingly, the results of three formulations of Nham probiotic and spontaneous fermentation (control) characterized by their physicochemical and microbiological characteristics displayed a correlation between an increase in the amount of total acidity, the population of lactic acid bacteria, and the generated TCA-soluble peptides, while the pH and total soluble protein gradually decreased under proteolysis during the fermentation time. The fractionation of Nham protein hydrolysates (NPHs) was prepared using a microwave extraction process: NPH-nham1, NPH-nham2, and NPH-nham3 (10 mg/mL with fermentation time 114 h), exhibited the highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity and FRAP-reducing power capacity as well, compared to NPH-nhamcontrol at p < 0.05. Moreover, those NPHs peptides showed dose-dependent inhibiting of selected pathogenic bacteria (E. coli TISTR 073, S. aureus TISTR 029, and Ent. aerogenes TISTR 1540). Anti-microbial properties of NPHs peptides against gram-negative bacteria were higher than against gram-positive bacteria. In conclusion, the bioaccessibility of NPHs peptides was significantly enhanced by micro-encapsulation and showed a potential bioactive characteristic for developing into a probiotic agent.
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