The successful lowering of the intracellular concentration of multidrug resistance (MDR)-type drugs by P-glycoprotein (Pgp) relies on its ability to overcome the passive influx rate of each MDR-type drug. Thus, the aim of the present work was to study the effect of passive transbilayer drug movement on the multidrug resistance and its modulation. Fluorescence quenching studies indicated that whereas the Pgp substrate rhodamine 123 traverses an artificial lipid membrane with a lifetime of 3 min, the transbilayer movement rate of the MDR modulators, quinidine and quinine, was too fast to be detected with present methods. Transbilayer movement rates of drugs and modulators were estimated from their equilibration rate throughout artificial multilamellar vesicles. The equilibration rate of five selected modulators was faster than the equilibration rate of five representative MDR-type drugs tested, which was comparable with the rate of rhodamine 123 equilibration. Moreover, the carrier-type peptide ionophore, valinomycin, which is freely mobile in the membrane, inhibited Pgp-mediated efflux of rhodamine 123 from MDR cells. In contrast, the channel-forming ionophore gramicidin D, a Pgp substrate that flip-flops slowly across the membrane, did not modulate cellular Pgp activity. Pgp, with a turnover number of about 900 min-1 can keep pace with the influx of an MDR-drug like rhodamine 123 exhibiting a transbilayer movement with a lifetime of minutes. On the other hand, Pgp would fail to protect MDR cells against cytotoxic drugs that are freely mobile through biological membranes and that re-enter cells faster than their Pgp-mediated active efflux rate. The relatively fast transbilayer movement exhibited by MDR modulators suggest that in contrast to MDR-type drugs, MDR modulators traverse the plasma membrane faster than the maximal expulsion rate of Pgp.

The anesthetics benzyl alcohol and the nonaromatic chloroform and diethyl ether, abolish P-glycoprotein (Pgp) ATPase activity in a mode that does not fit classical competitive, noncompetitive, or uncompetitive inhibition. At concentrations similar to those required for inhibition of ATPase activity, these anesthetics fluidize membranes leading to twofold acceleration of doxorubicin flip-flop across lipid membranes and prevent photoaffinity labeling of Pgp with [ 125 I]-iodoarylazidoprazosin. Similar concentrations of ether proved nontoxic and modulated efflux from Pgp-overexpressing cells. A similar twofold acceleration of doxorubicin flip-flop rate across membranes was observed with neutral mild detergents, including Tween 20, Nonidet P-40 and Triton X-100, and certain Pgp modulators, such as verapamil and progesterone. Concentrations of these agents, similar to those required for membrane fluidization, inhibited Pgp ATPase activity in a mode similar to that observed with the anesthetics. The mode of inhibition, i.e. lack of evidence for classical enzyme inhibition and the correlation of Pgp ATPase inhibition with membrane fluidization over a wide range of concentrations and structures of drugs favors the direct inhibition of Pgp ATPase activity by membrane fluidization. The unusual sensitivity of Pgp to membrane fluidization, as opposed to acceleration of ATPase activity of ion transporters, could fit the proposed function of Pgp as a`flippase', which is in close contact with the membrane core.

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between the rate of the passive transmembrane movement of multidrug resistance (MDR)-type substrates and the ability of P-glycoprotein to extrude them from MDR cells. For this purpose, seven rhodamine dyes were examined for their P-glycoprotein -mediated exclusion from MDR cells, their localization in wild-type drug-sensitive cells, their capacity to stimulate the ATPase activity of P-glycoprotein reconstituted in proteoliposomes, and their transmembrane movement rate in artificial liposomes. All these rhodamine dyes were accumulated in wild-type drug-sensitive cells and were localized mainly in the mitochondria. All the dyes tested were substrates of reconstituted P-glycoprotein and cellular P-glycoprotein and were excluded to a variable degree from MDR cells. The transmembrane movement rate proved the major factor determining the efficacy of the P-glycoprotein-mediated exclusion of rhodamine dyes from MDR cells. Thus, rhodamine B, the poorest cellular P-glycoprotein substrate, exhibited a high affinity toward reconstituted P-glycoprotein, but was the fastest membrane-traversing dye. In contrast, tetramethylrosamine, the best cellular MDR probe, exhibited high affinity toward reconstituted P-glycoprotein and slow transmembrane movement rate. Therefore, an anticancer drug with a fast transmembrane movement rate is expected to overcome the MDR phenomenon. Furthermore, the widely used MDR marker, rhodamine 123, was a poor cellular MDR substrate compared with other rhodamine dyes, especially tetramethylrosamine, which was a superior cellular MDR substrate for functional dye-exclusion studies.

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We have recently described an ATP-driven, valinomycin-dependent 86 Rb؉ uptake into proteoliposomes reconstituted with mammalian P-glycoprotein ( Rb؉ ions transported within 1 min via the ATP-and valinomycin-dependent P-glycoprotein was equivalent to an intravesicular cation concentration of 8 mM. Thus, this stoichiometry and transport capacity of P-glycoprotein resemble various ion-translocating ATPases, that handle millimolar substrate concentrations. This constitutes the first demonstration of comparable rates of Pglycoprotein-catalyzed substrate transport and ATP hydrolysis.

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Classic multidrug resistance (MDR) is attributed to the elevated expression of the ATP-dependent drug efflux pumps ABCB1 [also known as P-glycoprotein (Pgp)], ABCC1 (also known as multidrug resistanceassociated protein) and ABCG2 (also known as breast cancer resistance protein and mitoxantrone resistance protein), all of which belong to the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters [1]. Efflux mediated by ABC drug transporters leads to decreased cellular accumulation of anticancer drugs, which is a main cause of the limited success of the currently applied chemotherapy regimens. Pgp, a product of the ABCB1 (previously known as MDR1) gene, is the most extensively studied ABC drug transporter. Pgp transports chemically dissimilar drugs that act on diverse targets [2]. The intracellular drug concentration in drug-resistant cells is the outcome of competition between the active export of drugs by the efflux pumps