This is the accepted version of a paper published in IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials. This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proofcorrections or journal pagination.

The recent development of low cost wireless sensors enables novel Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications, such as the monitoring of water distribution networks. In such scenarios, the lifetime of the wireless sensor network (WSN) is a major concern, given that sensor node replacement is generally inconvenient and costly. In this paper, a compressive sensing based scheduling scheme is proposed that conserves energy by activating only a small subset of sensor nodes in each timeslot to sense and transmit. Compressive sensing introduces a cardinality constraint that makes the scheduling optimization problem particularly challenging. Taking advantage of the network topology imposed by the IoT water monitoring scenario, the scheduling problem is decomposed into simpler subproblems, and a dynamicprogramming-based solution method is proposed. Based on the proposed method, a solution algorithm is derived, whose complexity and energy-wise performance are investigated. The complexity of the proposed algorithm is characterized and its performance is evaluated numerically via an IoT emulator of water distribution networks. The analytical and numerical results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime, and robustness to sensor node failures. It is argued that the derived solution approach is general and it can be potentially applied to more IoT scenarios such as WSN scheduling in smart cities and intelligent transport systems.Index Terms-Energy balancing, energy efficiency, water distribution networks, compressive sensing 0733-8716 (c)

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Abstract-Many physical systems, such as water/electricity distribution networks, are monitored by battery-powered Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Since battery replacement of sensor nodes is generally difficult, long-term monitoring can be only achieved if the operation of the WSN nodes contributes to a long WSN lifetime. Two prominent techniques to long WSN lifetime are i) optimal sensor activation and ii) efficient data gathering and forwarding based on compressive sensing. These techniques are feasible only if the activated sensor nodes establish a connected communication network (connectivity constraint), and satisfy a compressive sensing decoding constraint (cardinality constraint). These two constraints make the problem of maximizing network lifetime via sensor node activation and compressive sensing NP-hard. To overcome this difficulty, an alternative approach that iteratively solves energy balancing problems is proposed. However, understanding whether maximizing network lifetime and energy balancing problems are aligned objectives is a fundamental open issue. The analysis reveals that the two optimization problems give different solutions, but the difference between the lifetime achieved by the energy balancing approach and the maximum lifetime is small when the initial energy at sensor nodes is significantly larger than the energy consumed for a single transmission. The lifetime achieved by the energy balancing is asymptotically optimal, and that the achievable network lifetime is at least 50% of the optimum. Analysis and numerical simulations quantify the efficiency of the proposed energy balancing approach.

The recent development of low cost wireless sensors enables water monitoring through dense wireless sensor networks (WSN). Sensor nodes are battery powered devices, and hence their limited energy resources have to be optimally managed. The latest advancements in compressive sensing (CS) provide ample promise to increase WSNs lifetime by limiting the amount of measurements that have to be collected. Additional energy savings can be achieved through CS-based scheduling schemes that activate only a limited number of sensors to sense and transmit their measurements, whereas the rest are turned off. The ultimate objective is to maximize network lifetime without sacrificing network connectivity and monitoring performance. This problem can be approximated by an energy balancing approach that consists of multiple simpler subproblems, each of which corresponds to a specific time period. Then, the sensors that should be activated within a given period can be optimally derived through dynamic programming. The complexity of the proposed CS-based scheduling scheme is characterized and numerical evaluation reveals that it achieves comparable monitoring performance by activating only a fraction of the sensors.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of energy limited sensor nodes, which limits the network lifetime. Such a lifetime can be prolonged by employing the emerging technology of wireless energy transfer (WET). In WET systems, the sensor nodes can harvest wireless energy from wireless charger, which can use energy beamforming to improve the efficiency. In this paper, a scenario where dedicated wireless chargers with multiple antennas use energy beamforming to charge sensor nodes is considered. The energy beamforming is coupled with the energy consumption of sensor nodes in terms of data routing, which is one novelty of the paper. The energy beamforming and the data routing are jointly optimized by a non-convex optimization problem. This problem is transformed into a semidefinite optimization problem, for which strong duality is proved, and thus the optimal solution exists. It is shown that the optimal solution of the semi-definite programming problem allows to derive the optimal solution of the original problem. The analytical and numerical results show that optimal energy beamforming gives two times better monitoring performance than that of WET without using energy beamforming.

This is the accepted version of a paper published in IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections or journal pagination.