Objective: To determine the oxygen outflow delivered by seven different models of manually operated self-inflating resuscitation bags (with and without an oxygen reservoir connected), which were tested using different oxygen supply rates without manipulating the bag, by simulating their use in patients breathing spontaneously. Methods: The oxygen outflow was measured using a wall oxygen flow meter and a flow meter/respirometer attached to the bag, together with another flow meter/respirometer attached to the patient connection port. The resuscitation bags that allow the connection of an oxygen reservoir were tested with and without this device. All resuscitation bags were tested using oxygen supply rates of 1, 5, 10, and 15 L/min. Statistical analyses were performed using analysis of variance and t-tests. Results:The resuscitation bags that allow the connection of an oxygen reservoir presented a greater oxygen outflow when this device was connected. All resuscitation bags delivered a greater oxygen outflow when receiving oxygen at a rate of 15 L/min. However, not all models delivered a sufficient oxygen outflow even when the two previous conditions were satisfied. Conclusions: Of the resuscitation bags studied, those that allow the connection of an oxygen reservoir must have this reservoir connected to the bag when used as a source of oxygen in nonintubated spontaneously breathing patients. All of the models studied should receive oxygen at a rate ≥ 15 L/min. It is not safe to use manually operated self-inflating resuscitation bags for this purpose without knowing their characteristics. ResumoObjetivo: Determinar o fluxo de saída de oxigênio fornecido por sete modelos diferentes de reanimadores manuais com balão auto-inflável (com e sem reservatório de oxigênio acoplado), que foram testados utilizando-se diferentes fluxos de entrada de oxigênio sem manipular o balão, simulando o uso em pacientes com respiração espontânea. Métodos: O fluxo de saída de oxigênio foi medido utilizando-se um fluxômetro de oxigênio de parede e um fluxômetro/respirômetro conectados ao balão e outro fluxômetro/respirômetro conectado à porta de conexão do paciente. Os reanimadores que permitem o acoplamento de um reservatório de oxigênio foram testados com e sem esse reservatório. Todos os reanimadores foram testados utilizando-se fluxos de entrada de oxigênio de 1, 5, 10 e 15 L/min. Para a análise estatística utilizaram-se análise de variância e o teste t. Resultados: Os reanimadores que permitem o acoplamento de um reservatório de oxigênio apresentaram maior fluxo de saída de oxigênio quando esse dispositivo estava acoplado. Todos os reanimadores forneceram maior fluxo de saída de oxigênio quando receberam 15 L/min de oxigênio. Entretanto, nem todos os modelos testados forneceram fluxo de saída de oxigênio suficiente mesmo quando as duas condições anteriores foram atendidas. Conclusões: Dos reanimadores estudados, os que permitem o acoplamento de um reservatório de oxigênio devem obrigatoriamente estar com esse reservatório ac...
The NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is widely adopted in clinical practice. Despite being originally designed for research use, the NIHSS is a valued resource for communication and prognostication, and it is useful for the decision-making process regarding reperfusion therapies and prophylaxis. However, its assessment can be laborious and complex among even certified healthcare providers. In the context of increasing telemedicine use, an accurate assessment of the NIHSS may be crucial in acute stroke management We aimed to create and validate an automated tool for the NIHSS (SPOKES) in a national telemedicine service. A board of five certified vascular neurologists created an NIHSS algorithm based on a tree decision, including tips and hints in the main questions and auxiliary boxes. We randomized 22 spoke hospitals using an automated tool to invite emergency physicians not certified in the NIHSS to use or not the SPOKES. NIHSS-certified and blinded neurologists from a hub hospital performed a double-check of each item of the NIHSS. From June to August 2022, we included 144 cases from 10 spoke hospitals. Our algorithm was fully adopted in 27 cases (19%). The median of reported NIHSS was 3 [1, 5] and 3 [2, 7] points among users and non-users, p=0.38. The general difference between the reported and the double-checked score was 0 [0, 1] points – there was no difference between those who used or did not the SPOKES (p=0.12). A complete concordant score was achieved at 66.7% (n=18/27) and 45.3% (n=53/117), χ 2 =0.036, among users and non-users, respectively. In a bivariate regression analysis, the SPOKES increased the chance of complete agreement [OR 2.4, 95%CI 1-5.8, p=0.049]. There was no difference regarding discrepant scores (≥4 points), χ 2 =0.46. Among SPOKES cases, treatment with tPA was indicated in 11.1%, versus 12.7% among non-users (p=0.59). Despite the small number of included cases, our algorithm seems to be a promising tool for the NIHSS assessment in a national telemedicine service, increasing the chance of a complete agreement with certified neurologists. The tool is free and available at www.spokes-nihss.com
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.