Immobilized avidin–biotin complexes were used to release biotinylated (bio)molecules upon producing local pH changes near an electrode surface by electrochemical reactions. Nitro-avidin complex with biotin was dissociated by increasing local...

Bovine serum albumin (BSA), used as a model protein, was immobilized at a buckypaper electrode by formation of pH-sensitive affinity bonds produced between avidin/iminobiotin or nitroavidin/biotin. Local (interfacial) pH was...

Electrochemically-triggered payload release as a potential method for signal-responsive "smart drug" development has been increasingly utilized in the field of modern pharmaceuticals. Among the various approaches to design electrochemically-triggered payload release systems, the basis of using electrochemical reactions to develop sensing and releasing electrodes allows for increased diversity and adaptability with regards to signal, payload, and release conditions. In this review, an overview of the two main categories (pH-independent and pH-dependent) of electrochemically-triggered release and their most commonly used subsets were summarized. These variations provided the foundational basis from which an electrochemically-triggered payload release system can be designed and adapted to meet the demands of potential treatment requirements. Moreover, different practically demonstrated adaptions of electrochemically-triggered payload release sensing and releasing electrodes were evaluated comprehensively and the advantages and disadvantages were discussed. Finally, some overarching recommendations for optimized use of these electrochemical systems were proposed.

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