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Aerobic biodegradation and volatilization near the water table constitute a coupled pathway that contributes significantly to the natural attenuation of hydrocarbons at gasoline spill sites. Rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation and volatilization were quantified by analyzing vapor transport in the unsaturated zone at a gasoline spill site in Beaufort, South Carolina. Aerobic biodgradation rates decreased with distance above the water table, ranging from 0.20 to 1.5 g m−3 d−1 for toluene, from 0.24 to 0.38 g m−3 d−1 for xylene, from 0.09 to 0.24 g m−3 d−1 for cyclohexene, from 0.05 to 0.22 g m−3 d−1 for ethylbenzene, and from 0.02 to 0.08 g m−3 d−1 for benzene. Rates were highest in the capillary zone, where 68% of the total hydrocarbon mass that volatilized from the water table was estimated to have been biodegraded. Hydrocarbons were nearly completely degraded within 1m above the water table. This large loss underscores the importance of aerobic biodradation in limiting the transport of hydrocarbon vapors in the unsaturated zone and implies that vapor‐plume migration to basements and other points of contact may only be significant if a source of free product is present. Furthermore, because transport of the hydrocarbon in the unsaturated zone can be limited relative to that of oxygen and carbon dioxide, soil‐gas surveys conducted at hydrocarbon‐spill sites would benefit by the inclusion of oxygen‐ and carbon‐dioxide‐gas concentration measurements. Aerobic degradation kinetics in the unsaturated zone were approximately first‐order. First‐order rate constants near the water table were highest for cyclohexene (0.21–0.65 d−1) and nearly equivalent for ethylbenzene (0.11–0.31 d−1), xylenes (0.10–0.31 d−1), toluene (0.09–0.30 d−1), and benzene (0.07–0.31 d−1). Hydrocarbon mass loss rates at the water table resulting from the coupled aerobic biodgradation and volatilization process were determined by extrapolating gas transport rates through the capillary zone. Mass loss rates from groundwater were highest for toluene (0.20–0.84 g m−2 d−1), followed by xylenes (0.12–0.69 g m−2 d−1), cyclohexene (0.05–0.15 g m−2 d−1), ethylbenzene (0.02–0.12 g m−2 d−1), and benzene (0.01–0.04 g m−2 d−1). These rates exceed predicted rates of solubilization to groundwater, demonstrating the effectiveness of aerobic biodgradation and volatilization as a combined natural attenuation pathway.

Adsorption/thermal desorption with multisorbent airsampling cartridges was developed for the determination of 87 method analytes including halogenated alkanes, halogenated alkenes, ethers, alcohols, nitriles, esters, ketones, aromatics, a disulfide, and a furan. The volatilities of the compounds ranged from that of dichlorofluoromethane (CFC12) to that of 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene. The eight most volatile compounds were determined using a 1.5-L air sample and a sample cartridge containing 50 mg of Carbotrap B and 280 mg of Carboxen 1000; the remaining 79 compounds were determined using a 5-L air sample and a cartridge containing 180 mg of Carbotrap B and 70 mg of Carboxen 1000. Analysis and detection were by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The minimum detectable level (MDL) concentration values ranged from 0.01 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) for chlorobenzene to 0.4 ppbv for bromomethane; most of the MDL values were in the range 0.02-0.06 ppbv. No breakthrough was detected with the prescribed sample volumes. Analyte stability on the cartridges was very good. Excellent recoveries were obtained with independent check standards. Travel spike recoveries ranged from 90 to 110% for 72 of the 87 compounds. The recoveries were less than 70% for bromomethane and chloroethene and for a few compounds such as methyl acetate that are subject to losses by hydrolysis; the lowest travel spike recovery was obtained for bromomethane (62%). Blank values for all compounds were either below detection or very low. Ambient atmospheric sampling was conducted in New Jersey from April to December, 1997. Three sites characterized by low, moderate, and high densities of urbanization/traffic were sampled. The median detected concentrations of the compounds were either similar at all three sites (as with the chlorofluorocarbon compounds) or increased with the density of urbanization/traffic (as with dichloromethane, MTBE, benzene, and toluene). For toluene, the median detected concentrations were 0.23, 0.42, and 0.70 ppbv at the three sites. Analytical precision was measured using duplicate sampling. As ex-

It is often suggested that there are few piscivorous fishes in shallow estuarine habitats worldwide, and consequently that these habitats are valuable as nurseries for juvenile fishes because they provide refuge from predation. Information on the dietary habits of predatory fishes from tropical estuaries remains limited to broad summaries that lack quantitative detail on the fish components of the diet. Consequently, it remains unclear which predators in shallow tropical estuarine nurseries target new recruits. To define the assemblage of piscivorous fishes relevant to the functioning of shallow water nurseries, we examined the diets of predatory fishes from shallow (<1.5 m) sandy habitats in the lower reaches of 17 tropical estuaries over 6 yr. In total, 51 taxa from 21 families fed on fish, and the piscivore assemblage included many taxa and size classes that have been previously overlooked. Piscivores ranged in size from 15 to 755 mm and the majority of taxa were piscivorous to some degree from sizes well below 100 mm. All of the smaller piscivores (<100 mm) mainly preyed on small new recruits, while only some of the larger piscivores did so. The taxonomic and functional diversity in the piscivore assemblage, and the fish community as a whole, highlights the complexity of the role of predation in the functioning of shallow tropical estuarine nurseries. Despite this complexity, it is apparent that predation has the potential to be a major structuring force on shallow water tropical estuarine fish communities.KEY WORDS: Estuary · Nursery ground · Refuge · Piscivory · Diet · OntogenyResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

Abstract. The atmosphere as a source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in shallow groundwater was evaluated over an area in southern New Jersey. Chloroform, methyl tertbutyl ether (MTBE), 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and carbon disulfide (not a VOC) were detected frequently at low-level concentrations in a network of 78 shallow wells in the surficial Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system. The atmosphere was sampled for these compounds and only MTBE concentrations were high enough to potentially explain frequent detection in shallow groundwater. A mathematical model of reactive transport through the unsaturated zone is presented to explain how variations in unsaturated properties across the study area could explain differences in MTBE concentrations in shallow groundwater given the atmosphere as the source. Even when concentrations of VOCs in groundwater are low compared to regulatory concentration limits, it is critical to know the source. If the VOCs originate from a point source(s), concentrations in groundwater could potentially increase over time to levels of concern as groundwater plumes evolve, whereas if the atmosphere is the source, then groundwater concentrations would be expected to remain at low-level concentrations not exceeding those in equilibrium with atmospheric concentrations. This is the first analysis of VOC occurrence in shallow groundwater involving colocated atmosphere data.

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Even in some of the best-studied areas, there has been little direct evaluation of how extensively mangroves are used by fish, or the extent of their penetration through mangrove forests. As a result, paradigms about the utilisation and value of mangroves have not been fully tested. We used an array of unbaited underwater videos to investigate the extent to which fish used mangroves in north-eastern Australian estuaries. Only a small subset of estuarine species were observed entering the mangroves, and patterns of utilisation differed from those expected based on standard paradigms. In particular, trophic groups such as planktivores occurred rarely even 1 m inside the seaward mangrove margin, with utilisation dominated by a few species known to specialise on mangrove-associated prey. Of the species that did enter the mangroves, only a few penetrated through to the landward edge. The limited use of mangroves by fish in these systems suggests a need to reconsider the ways in which mangroves provide refuge and the extent to which they are used as foraging sites. The fact that mangrove use was more restricted than expected implies that the nursery value of these systems is likely to be conferred at a wholeecosystem scale, and emphasises the need for a detailed, region-specific understanding of the specific values of the different components of mangrove ecosystems. KEY WORDS: Mangrove · Refuge · Tropical estuary · Fish · Underwater videoResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher